Team Roles of a Football Team Essay Example for Free

Team Roles of a Football Team Essay There are many different roles in the modern football team; teams consist of 11 players with one player in the goal and the rest playing outfield all the roles of the different members of the team are vital in the team winning a game. Goalkeeper The goalkeeper is a very specialised role compared to all the other members of a team, a goalkeeper will rarely end up playing in a different position, where as other members of the team e. . midfielder may swap positions with a winger. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands, but only within the penalty area, this is why goalkeepers wear a different jersey to the rest of the team so the referee can distinguish them between other players. The referee’s job is stop the other team scoring by preventing the ball from entering the goal for this reason there role is mainly defensive Defender The Defender plays behind the midfielders usually playing in the half of the field that there goal is located, There main responsibility is to prevent the opposition having a chance to get a shot on goal Defenders are split up into different categories-Left back, right centre-back, left centre-back, centre-back, right-back. Midfielder Midfielders are players who play between the strikers and the midfielders, there main responsibilities are to keep possession of the ball, receive the ball from the defenders and get it to the strikers and tackle other opposing players, most teams have a central midfielder with their main responsibility being to break up the other teams attacks while the other midfielders main objective is to create goal opportunities, midfielders play all over the pitch as at certain times during a match they may be required to help with defence or help attack with the strikers Strikers Strikers play nearest to the other team’s goal, the main responsibility of strikers is to score goals; there other responsibilities include setting up goals and holding the ball while waiting for other players to come join with attacking There are three main player styles Defensive, Midfield, and attackers Defensive player styles Libero A Libero or sweeper is a versatile type of defender that â€Å"sweeps up† the ball if an opponent manages to get past the defensive line They are usually faster than normal defenders, and move around the field more than usual defenders as they don’t have designated players to mark Stopper Stoppers are players who are strong , have good stamina and man marking abilities to be able to stop the other teams attacking play by making strong tackles, they usually play as defensive full backs or centre backs Wingbacks A wingback Is a defender that plays on the side of the pitch like a winger but’s main role are to play attack and defence heavily, as the role is a combined winger and full back, wing-backs need good stamina, as they have 3 centre backs supporting them, they can concentrate more on supporting strikers Mid fielding player styles Ball winners Ball winners are skilled players trained in making strong tackles and good at heading the ball to stop the other teams attacking play; they are usually defensive mid fielders or central midfielders Defensive midfielders Defensive midfielders are midfielders who mainly focus on defence, they are good at making strong tackles and require good stamina and must be good at passing the ball up to the attacking midfielders/Strikers Box To Box Box to box midfielders help with every part of the game, They cover almost every area of the pitch so they need lots of stamina as well as good passing skills, they usually play as central midfielders Playmaker Playmakers are midfielders whose main objective is to create goal scoring opportunities, it’s essential their able to read the game so they can get in the right position to create play, it’s also essential they have good ball control and good passing skill, they usually play as attacking midfielders Attacking playing styles Dribblers Dribblers use their speed and dribbling skill to get past defenders, there main aim is to create goal opportunities for other strikers, and they usually play as wingers or secondary strikers Counter Attackers Counter attackers use their speed to beat defenders and create unexpected goal opportunities, they also need good shooting skill, and they usually play as centre forwards Clinical Strikers Clinical striker’s main objective is to score goals so they are trained heavily to increase their shooting ability; they usually play as centre forwards Goal poachers Are players who wait in the penalty area for a cross or pass, as soon as they receive a ball they try to score straight away, they usually play as centre forwards Conclusion In conclusion a standard football team is split up into 4 main categories (Goalkeeper, Defense,Midfield,Strikers) usually with defence, midfield and strikers having different specialisations e. g. Counter attack-strikers, wingback-defender, every player has to work together to create a successful football team, they must all have good communication so every team member is aware if the team want to make an attacking play on goal or a more defensive play, Without good communication players will not know when the team is going to make an attacking play and will not be in the right position to help their team score a goal.

Media and Body Image - Essay Essay Example for Free

Media and Body Image Essay Essay How does the media influence our body image? In what forms, does the media influence our perceptions about our body? These were the two questions that I asked myself in order to do the research paper and the panel discussion. In my opinion, I would agree that the media does influence and promote women and men to believe that the cultures standards for body image are ideal. Hence, the phrases, thin is in and the perfect body are two examples of eye-catching headlines that I observed in many women magazines. I learned that the media influences us through television, fashion and health magazines, music videos, film, commercials, and various other advertisements. Sadly, as a result, this repeated exposure, the thin ideal, can lead many young girls in triggering eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem, stress, and suicide. After acquiring this relevant information, I decided to focus my research on what type of media influences elementary school children and the adolescent teenager. The three central types of media that I found that did indeed influence body image are: Fashion magazines, famous top-models and actresses, and teenage or young adult women in the music industry. According to the Seretean Center for Health Promotion, the term, body image has been coined to describe a persons inner sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the physical appearance of her/his body. (From The Wellness Column, April 1, 1996.) In my research, I found that many young girls are dissatisfied with their bodies and many strive to look like the waif-thin models or actresses one sees on television or in fashion magazines. There was a lot of information and facts on body and image that I found on the Internet. However, one website, Just Think Foundation, supported my belief that the media, magazines in particular, do indeed influence young girls to be thin in order to be popular and beautiful in our society. For example, I was in alarmed to learn that eighty percent of 10-year-old American girls diet; more than five million Americans suffer from eating disorders and ninety percent of those are adolescent and young adult women; the number one magic wish for young girls age 11-17 is to be thinner; and between elementary and high school, the percentage of girls in the U.S. who are happy with the way I am drops from 60% to 29%. (from Just Think Foundation) These facts were  from the JTFs Body Image Project compiled by Jean Holzgang that is an awareness campaign on body image. In fashion magazines, many young girls see waif-thin models like Kate Moss who is one of many top models that sadly represents the perfect body image that young girls are striving towards. Unfortunately, many teen girls do not understand that looking exactly like their favorite supermodel is unrealistic. In fact, as for the supermodel photos, many are retouched before they are printed out, the fashion clothes are often duct-taped to enhance fit, many blemishes are covered or altered, there is at least two inches removed from the thighs, and the average fashion model weighs 23-25% less than the average woman. All this in order to create that ideal or perfect body image everyone is striving for and sadly dying for. This compulsion to be thin has led many young girls to have a negative body image that dangerously paves the way to eating disorders, such as Anorexia and Bulimia, in order for them to achieve their desire for thinness. In television and movies, many teen girls watch and observe these actresses, such as Calista Flockhart, Courtney Cox, Jennifer Aniston, Gweneth Paltrow, Lara Flynn Boyle, and many others who have seemed to have went from an average weight to a sickly, death look. This seems to be setting a dangerous trend for the American culture, particularly women and young girls. In fact, there are endless images of thin women on television, in movies, in women and mens magazines and in commercials. For instance, these Hollywood role models do have a great impact on young viewers and many parents are very worried that their daughters are trying to imitate their favorite stars. According to Adrienne Ressler, body-image specialist at the Renfrew Center in Coconut Creek, Fla., For adolescents, the ideal for the person they want to be when they grow up is either a movie star, TV actress or supermodel, and the emphasis is very much on external appearance. Our patients would die-and practically do-to look like Calista Flockhart. ( People, 10-18-99) In the music industry, the most popular media influence is the music video and the types of fashion trends the performer displays onstage. The most popular young adult performer is teen sensation Britney Spears. This pretty, young lady is only 17 years old and already has had a huge impact on the teen girls. For example, recently, Miss Spears was on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine and she stirred up controversy when it appeared to look like the singer had  breast enhancements or simply, breast implants. (In all fairness, I did not have a chance to view that cover of Rolling Stone.) Miss Spears has denied the bre ast implant allegation and is quoted as saying; her mother would kill her if she had such a operation. However, I read that many fans believe that she does look different from her first video, Baby One More Time, with her latest, Sometimes, in that her breasts do look like they were surgically enhanced. This rumor has a great deal of parents worried that their own daughters might want to emulate the teen pop idol because she is promoting the ideal image of a young girls body. Another example of a music video image is Victoria Beckham (Posh Spice) of the well-known Spice Girls. She was considered a head-turner because of her curvaceous good looks and designer clothes. So, know one would have thought of her as over-weight or too curvy, but at a recent Fashion party, many onlookers were stunned to see Beckhams jutting ribs and collarbones that fellow guests replied, She definitely looks like shes had a dramatic weight loss. (People, 10-18-99) These two examples plus the dozens of others I have read through my research, have allowed me to come to the conclusion that, many of Hollywoods mo st notable actresses and performers have become partners in the thin is in look in this industry. In my opinion, this is very disturbing and very dangerous for many young girls who look up to these women as Role models. In conclusion, I hope that T.V., magazines, music videos, commercials, retail stores and other mediums realize that there are women of all different shapes and sizes, there is a higher percentage of women that are usually an average size of 12 and there is evidence that a lesser percentage of women who are a size 2 to 4. Unfortunately, it is the size 2 to 4 women who are being recognized as the ideal body image in our society. Furthermore, I would rather have more women like Kate Winslet, Rosie ODonnell, Emme, and many other average women on the covers of popular magazines and in television. These are the true role models for me, the ones who promote healthy ways to lose weight, promote healthy ways to like yourself for who you are, and not promote the unhealthy body image that engrosses our mind

Stakeholders Project Organizations

Stakeholders Project Organizations To address the theme of project requirements, carry out research and, from your findings, draft Clearly structured notes that explain what is: †¢ Meant by the terms primary, secondary and tertiary stakeholders. †¢ The purpose of a scope document and what sections it should contain. Stakeholders Introduction:Stakeholders are anyone who has an interest in the project. Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes. The project management team must identify the stakeholders, determine their requirements and expectations and to the extent possible, manage their influence in relation to the requirements to ensure a successful project. Project Project Stake holder Project management Project Support Project Manager How a Stakeholders directly involved in a project Figure : The Relationship Between Stakeholders and the Project There are three kinds of stakeholders are involved in a project they are ivolved in a project internally or externally like that . Primary stakeholders Secondary stakeholders Tertiary stakeholders Primary stakeholders Primary stakeholders are those people and groups eventually affected by the project. Who expect to benefit from or be negatively affected by the change of project. In most projects primary stakeholders will be categorized according to socio-economic assessment. Thus, primary stakeholders should often be divided by gender, social or income classes, occupational or service user groups Primary stakeholders a direct link with the business- Customers. Suppliers. Secondary stakeholders: Secondary stakeholders are those with an intermediary role. They can be divided into funding, implementing, monitoring and advocacy organizations, or simply governmental, NGO and private sector organizations. Secondary stakeholders arent exactly participating customer and suppliers. Who is indirectly affected by the project plan. Forestry companies Landowners and or residents not inside the protected area but near Tertiary Stakeholders: Tertiary Stakeholders are those who are not involved or affected, but can influence opinions either for or against. Tertiary- can still have an influence, but are not involved or affected, but can influence opinions either for or against Those indirectly affected by the program neighborhood organizations, academic institutions, elected officials, advocacy groups, professional associations, skeptics, opponents, and staff of related or competing organizations. Local opinion leaders Local media Ecology departments of universities, research institutes etc. Scope Document Introduction: The scope document is a common term for at all document that refines and defines the requirements aspect of the triple constraint of time, cost, and requirements. In this general sense, it provides an overview of what the project is supposed to accomplish and clarifies how those accomplishments will be achieved. It may also provide the team members, customer, and project manager with insight on what is specifically not in the scope. Section contain This section summarizes some of the business issues around the project, including profiles of major customer categories, assumptions that went into the project concept, and the management priorities for the project. Vision Statement. History of project (Before) Assumption Risk Stakeholder User Vision statement: It is important to a project manager vision and scope document. It is also one of the easiest to execute. A project faces some problem when a project run a good vision and scope document will help in this time History of project (Before) History of project section contains a summary of the problem that the project will solve. It should provide a brief history of the problem and an explanation of how the organization justified the decision to build software to address it. Assumption This is the list of assumptions that the stakeholders, users or project team have made. the rest of the vision and scope document should be ready before the Delphi meeting and used as the basis for estimation. Risk It should be generated by a project teams brainstorming session. It could include external factors that could impact the project, issues or problems that could potentially cause project delays or raise issues. User This is a bulleted list of the users. As with the stakeholders, each user can either be referred to by name or role however, if there are many users, it is usually inefficient to try to name each one. The needs of each user are described. Task -2 To address the theme of how to grasp and communicate the â€Å"big picture† (a higher level view of the project overall, rather than a lower level view of, say, tasks for team members) carry out research and, from your findings, draft clearly structured notes that explain the benefits of visual forms of communication compared to, say, text or speech. Provide examples of the following visual forms of communication to show that you understand how they work and what information they contain: †¢ Lifecycle models †¢ Activity networks †¢ Mind maps Give a written explanation of how each of these methods may be used to communicate key ideas in a project. Introduction: Planning and estimating a project has never been easy. All projects have certain characteristics in common. They all have a beginning and an end. In other words, they do not continue on forever. Projects result in the creation of one or more deliverables. Projects also have assigned resources either full time, part time or both. There are other characteristics as well. All organizations can have projects. Projects can include building a house or office building, planning and executing a marketing campaign, upgrading desktop operating systems, installing a new phone system, developing an IT business application, etc. Throughout the course of a project the plan always changes due to certain events, Such as a change in the requirements. In order to support these frequent changes, a Good planning process is essential. It should involve Reducing Risk Reducing uncertainty. Conveying Information to the customer helps support better decision Life cycle models are: There are three kinds of life cycle model Waterfall model V Model Spiral model Waterfall model But I like waterfall model instance of V model and spiral model. It easy to dived into isolated stage. Which is perfect for project because one stage complete another stage started .so it is sure that the stage is complete. Each stage realize on when previous stage complete. Every stage has a miles stone. It is easy to know about a project to se Waterfall model because it has various stages V model: I cont like v-model because of: -emphasize on testing. Time consuming Waste money because of taste in all phases. Spiral model: its difficult to represent its not understandable to project team. Visual forms of communication System acceptance test Business Requirement Analysis Design Code test Integration Test Fig: Water fall Model 0 6 6 Task 1 0 0 6 6 14 20 Task 2 6 0 20 20 7 27 Task 3 20 0 27 27 7 34 Task 4 27 0 34 34 4 38 Task 5 34 0 38 38 2 40 Task 6 38 0 40 40 40 0 0 40 40 Fig: Activity Network Diagram Fig: Mind Map Life cycle model Written explanation Waterfall Model: Waterfall model is a popular life cycle of the project life cycle model . Often considered the classic approach to the project development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development.. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds to the next phase and there is no turning back. Advantages / Disadvantages Most-widely used process model Controls schedules, budgets documentation Tends to favor well-understood system aspects over poorly understood system components Does not detect development areas behind schedule early in the lifecycle stages. Business Requirement: what is requiring in a business to do met in order to successes of a project.Establishes the components for building the system, including the row matatiels of a project and other necessary components Analysis: in analysis stage of a project a project manager is accept the all knowledge of a project how to solve it when its solved (project). Design: The design defines the major components and the interaction of those components, but the design does not define the structure of each component. It is determine the external interfaces and tools to use in the project. Code test: Implements the detailed design specification this only for code and Determines whether the project meets the specified requirements and finds any errors present in the code. System acceptance test: Acceptance testing is conducted within the testing area .its purpose is to allow the customer to confirm that the complete system. A detailed acceptance test plan is produced prior to testing which identifies the test to be conduct. Mind map A Mind map which represent a project with a graphics. Mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks or other items linked to and arranged radically around a central key word or idea. It is used to generate, visualize, structure and classify ideas, and as an aid in study, organization, problem solving, decision making, and writing. Mind mapping, on the other hand, is a more intuitive way to manage projects, particularly if you have a lot of responsibilities and its easy to let something slip if its not right in front of you Mind map show the level Strategic, Tactical, Operational And who is responsible for a particular work of a project. Activity network Activity Networks is one of the most popular planning techniques. However, the activity networks diagrams have since been applied to activity planning for a wide range of projects. The approach is very scalable, enabling it to be applied effectively to the planning of activities spanning even a very short time frame. The activity network is a diagram that represents the activities required and their inter-dependencies, their start and finish dates and the time necessary for their completion. The resources required for each activity are also included on the diagram. Activity Networks are made up of a series of activity boxes, each of which depicts a discrete activity or task. It is easy to know of a project details by using activity network such as Early Start Time: Est. represent of the start time of a project Duration: How long time the project continues. Early finished time: when the project complete Activity description: this is which task is depends other task. Last Start Time: Last finished time minus Duration Last finished time: Last Start Time of succeeding activity Float Critical Path: once the resources required to complete each activity have been identified and the activity network updated to reflect these, then the start and finish dates can be added. With the shape and size of the planned area of work now visible, the total cost of the resources can be calculated. There will always be a critical path running through any project, from the first activity to the last. The critical path is defined as that series of activities that have zero float. The concept of float is central to critical path analysis, as it represents the ability to schedule an activity, or sequence of activities, within a flexible time slot rather than having to perform it immediately. This enables the more efficient management of resources across all of the activities in the network. How to calculate Float of a project Reading through activity networks from left to right gives the total duration of the planned work. Reading back through the network, subtracting each duration shows those activities that have any spare time. This spare time, known as float, is a very useful concept in relation to resource scheduling and smoothing. Float identifies parcels of time that can be used to introduce flexibility into the planned work, enabling the more efficient use of the available resources. Summary: project Lifecycles model which represent the Controls schedules, budgets documentation with graphics about a project .Activity Network which is needs for time management of a project such as est,eft lst,lft float,critical path etc, Mind Map It is used to generate, visualize, structure and classify ideas, and as an aid in study, organization, problem solving, decision making, and writing. Task-3 On the theme of team selection and management, carry out research and, from your findings, draft Clearly structured notes on the team working theories devised by: †¢ Tuck man †¢ Belbin †¢ Myers-Briggs Write a summary of how knowledge of each theory might assist a project manager in the selection and development of an effective project team. Write notes that show how to assess the risk of team failure, using a risk matrix to document at least TWO possible risk scenarios, such as loss of key personnel or infighting between team-mates. Summaries the contingency plans you would call into effect, if the risks were realized. 1700 SUMMARY of Tuck man theory: Tuck man model explains that as the team develops maturity and ability, relationships establish, and the leader changes leadership style. Beginning with a directing style, moving through coaching, then participating, finishing delegating and almost detached. At this point the team may produce a successor leader and the previous leader can move on to develop a new team. Tuck man theory basically consists of four thing Forming Storming Norming Performing How to create a project group Storming 2 Forming 1 Performing 4 3 Norming Forming In the beginning step of a project which is forming the team is assembled and the task is allocated Firstly. Team members tend to behave independently and although goodwill may exist they do not know each other well enough to unconditionally trust one another. Time is spent planning, collecting information and bonding. Storming The second step of a project which is Storming The team starts to address the task suggesting ideas from a project. Different ideas may compete for ascendancy and if badly managed this phase can be very destructive for the team. Relationships between team members will be made or broken in this phase and some may never recover. In extreme cases the team can become stuck in the Storming phase. If a team is too focused on consensus they may decide on a plan which is less effective in completing the task for the sake of the team. This carries its own set of problems. It is essential that a team has strong facilitative leadership in this phase. Norming The thread step of a project which is Storming in Tuck man model As the team moves out of the Storming phase they will enter the Norming phase. This tends to be a move towards harmonious working practices with teams agreeing on the rules and values by which they operate. Team leaders can take a step back from the team at this stage as individual members take greater responsibility. The risk during the Norming stage is that the team becomes complacent and loses either their creative edge or the drive that brought them to this phase. Performing The four step of a project which is performing in Tuck man model Not all teams make it to the Performing phase, which is essentially an era of high performance. Performing teams are identified by high levels if independence, motivation, knowledge and competence. Decision making is collaborative and dissent is expected and encouraged as there will be a high level of respect in the communication between team members. Summary of Myers-Briggs theory: The Myers-Briggs personality typology, unlike some other typing theories such as the Enneagram or Four Temperaments, uses a combination of several aspects to arrive at a composite type, based on the interaction and relative weight of different behavioral and attitudinal factors. The types are expressed as combinations of four letters, as follows: E or I (Extravert or Introvert) S or N (Sensing or intuitive) T or F (Thinking or Feeling) J or P (Judging or Perceiving) Summary of Belbin theory: The term Team Roles was first coined by Dr Meredith Belbin, but is now used more generically to describe team types. A Team Role is defined by Meredith Belbin as: A tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. It is usually written Team Roles, but can also be found as teamroles or team-roles. Belbin Team Roles improve self-knowledge and understanding among individuals and teams. Team Roles depict a current behavioural pattern ,Preferences arent fixed, since many factors can influence behaviour, whether a new job, promotion or circumstances outside work. Co-ordinator Shaper Resource Investigator Company worker Monitor evaluator Team worker Completer finishers Specialist Co-ordinator: The co-ordinator is a person-oriented leader. This person is trusting, accepting, dominant and is committed to team goals and objectives. The co-ordinator is a positive thinker who approves of goal attainment, struggle and effort in others. Shaper: The shaper is a task-focused leader who abounds in nervous energy, who has a high motivation to achieve and for whom winning is the name of the game. Resource Investigator: The resource investigator is someone who explores opportunities and develops contacts. Resource investigators are good negotiators who probe others for information and support and pick up others ideas and develop them. Company Worker: Implementers are aware of external obligations and are disciplined, conscientious and have a good self-image. They tend to be tough-minded and practical, trusting and tolerant, respecting established traditions. Team worker: Team workers make helpful interventions to avert potential friction and enable difficult characters within the team to use their skills to positive ends. They tend to keep team spirit up and allow other members to contribute effectively. Specialist The specialist provides knowledge and technical skills which are in rare supply within the team. They are often highly introverted and anxious and tend to be self-starting, dedicated and committed Risk of Team failure Diagnosing Team Failure Teams are put together to combine the knowledge and expertise of team members, this helps to gain greater strategic thinking and enhanced creativity in business solutions. When teams fail to perform as expected, an attempt is usually made to pinpoint and blame the people responsible. However, the answer doesnt always lie in replacing the team or firing the ‘scapegoat but in answering the question, ‘what went wrong with the group as a whole and why? Unless we make an attempt to identify the underlying causes, its unlikely the solution will be found. Factors Identifying Six Common Problem Areas No Trust Between Team Members When team members dont trust each other or are suspicious of each others motives, the end result is a team that is not cohesive in its approach. Ineffective Interaction and Unproductive Team Meetings All the complexities of team dynamics come to the fore at the meeting. The meeting is one of the most critical aspects of the team process with strategies and innovative solutions to problems emerging during this time. Poor Role Clarity Role clarity is a must in a team situation. When roles are not clearly defined, this can lead to conflict and confusion on tasks. Losing Focus of Business Objectives If you dont know where you are heading, how can you get there!? At times a team fails because the goals are unclear to the team members. Faulty Analysis of Market Conditions and Flawed Company Policies At times a team can fail due to uncertainties in market conditions and an inability to read the signs of change. Poor Time Management A team should plan its goals and activities whilst keeping time constraints and deadlines in mind, otherwise their efficiency level in managing and implementing a task can Risk Matrix A Risk Matrix is a tool used in the Risk Assessment process, it allows the severity of the risk of an event occurring to be determined. http://www.databasepublish.com/solutions/project-services/risk-management The identified risks are collected into a Risk Matrix. The Risk Matrix includes the rating of severity, mitigation strategy, owner and contingency plan for each risk. These proposed actions are formulated to address the risks that can be avoided upon implementation of a mitigation strategy. For example Impact Probability High No Trust between team member High Poor Role Clarity High Poor Time Management Medium Faulty Analysis of Market Conditions and Flawed Company Policies Law Ineffective Interaction and Unproductive Team Meetings High H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/M Mitigation/Contingency Required H/L Mitigation/Contingency Recommended Midium M/H Mitigation/Contingency Required M/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required M/M Mitigation/Contingency Recommended M/L Mitigation/Contingency Optional Low H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required H/H Mitigation/Contingency Required L/H Mitigation/Contingency Recommended L/M Mitigation/Contingency Optional L/L Mitigation/Contingency Optional Probability / Impact Ranking Chart for Risk Matrix of a project The company or organisation then would calculate what levels of Risk they can take with different events. This would be done by weighing up the risk of an event occurring against the cost to implement safety and the benefit gained from it. Contingency Introduction:A project contingency or management reserve is an amount the consultant or the contractor may want to include the unexpected resources that may be overlooked or tasks that may have to be redone because they might not work for the first time. Contingency provision is to cover the elements of unforeseen minor changes in the technical and design specification. Contingency Plan: A defined set of tasks agreed upon by appropriate members of the Project Team that will be undertaken to manage the Project Team in the event the Risk occurs, roughly equivalent to an organizations various Disaster Plans. Tasks should be assignable to a single accountable resource. Given the substantive effect that the Risk is judged to have on the Project, the Contingency Plan may be relatively short with the realization that if it is invoked, it will ultimately give rise to a larger Project Plan detailed elsewhere. Otherwise, the guidelines for granularity etc. of individual tasks are identical to those described for the Mitigation Strategy. All risks with a must have an associated Contingency Plan If the decision has already been made to cancel the project if the Risk occurs, the Contingency Plan should stat

Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide :: essays research papers

Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide Kurt Cobain was citied in the Seattle area with a shotgun. Days later on the fifth of April, Kurt Cobain went into the small room above his garage in his Seattle home and ended it all. Fans across the world were stunned by the news of Kurt Cobain’s sudden and shocking suicide. Kurt was the leader of the multiplatinum grunge band Nirvana, and was widely hailed as the â€Å" John Lennon of his generation.† He was a gifted song writer and erratic performer. However, Cobain's name was presented at times with disillusionment and unhappiness. Kurt had spoken, written lyrics, and even sung in his songs about suicide. Yet, one question could almost be echoed around the world – Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cobain' s fans struggled with the huge loss of their â€Å" poet of pain.† It was as though they had lost a close friend. They felt that Kurt was an artist who could read their minds, knew their problems, and spoke their language. No one seemed to understand why at the height of his popularity a twenty-seven year old rock sat would put a twenty-two gauge shotgun in his mouth and pull the trigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media attacked the incident. Every type of media from MTV to the entire local Newspapers spoke something of Kurt Cobain’s suicide. Some blamed the suicide on his unhappy childhood and how he was a Ritalin child. While others blamed it on his drug addiction that he had spent all of his young life trying to relieve himself from. But why the reasoning for the unpredictable suicide, Cobain left behind millions of fans asking why he’s gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why? Most people who commit suicide do so for personal reasons, such as despair, fears of the future, fears of failure or of not being loved. Society plays a huge part in a lot of suicides. As society becomes more complex a person’s stress level rises which follows loneliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the initial shock came the inevitable soul searching for those closets to him- what more should or could we have done? Cobain left behind a fairly new family. He had recently married Courtney Love, the leader of the grunge band Hole, in 1992. Later in 1993 they conceived a baby girl together, Frances Bean which was about two years old at the time of Kurt’s death. Some say that Courtney did not grieve but there is no way possible that she didn’t, because of the fact that they reached stardom together as Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide :: essays research papers Kurt Cobain’s Shocking Suicide Kurt Cobain was citied in the Seattle area with a shotgun. Days later on the fifth of April, Kurt Cobain went into the small room above his garage in his Seattle home and ended it all. Fans across the world were stunned by the news of Kurt Cobain’s sudden and shocking suicide. Kurt was the leader of the multiplatinum grunge band Nirvana, and was widely hailed as the â€Å" John Lennon of his generation.† He was a gifted song writer and erratic performer. However, Cobain's name was presented at times with disillusionment and unhappiness. Kurt had spoken, written lyrics, and even sung in his songs about suicide. Yet, one question could almost be echoed around the world – Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cobain' s fans struggled with the huge loss of their â€Å" poet of pain.† It was as though they had lost a close friend. They felt that Kurt was an artist who could read their minds, knew their problems, and spoke their language. No one seemed to understand why at the height of his popularity a twenty-seven year old rock sat would put a twenty-two gauge shotgun in his mouth and pull the trigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media attacked the incident. Every type of media from MTV to the entire local Newspapers spoke something of Kurt Cobain’s suicide. Some blamed the suicide on his unhappy childhood and how he was a Ritalin child. While others blamed it on his drug addiction that he had spent all of his young life trying to relieve himself from. But why the reasoning for the unpredictable suicide, Cobain left behind millions of fans asking why he’s gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why? Most people who commit suicide do so for personal reasons, such as despair, fears of the future, fears of failure or of not being loved. Society plays a huge part in a lot of suicides. As society becomes more complex a person’s stress level rises which follows loneliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the initial shock came the inevitable soul searching for those closets to him- what more should or could we have done? Cobain left behind a fairly new family. He had recently married Courtney Love, the leader of the grunge band Hole, in 1992. Later in 1993 they conceived a baby girl together, Frances Bean which was about two years old at the time of Kurt’s death. Some say that Courtney did not grieve but there is no way possible that she didn’t, because of the fact that they reached stardom together as

Advertising Alcoholic Beverages to Children Essay example -- Advertise

Advertising Alcoholic Beverages to Children Alcohol manufacturers use a variety of unscrupulous techniques to advertise alcoholic beverages to children. Perhaps the worst example is Anheuser-Busch Co., the world's largest brewer, which uses child-enticing cartoon images of frogs, dogs, penguins and lizards in ads for Budweiser beer. These Budweiser cartoon characters are hugely popular with children, just like Joe Camel ads. A KidCom Marketing study once found these Budweiser cartoon character ads were American children's favorite ads. This is no accident. Anheuser-Busch is conducting an advertising campaign to get children to start drinking beer. These Budweiser ads are unconscionable. So are Phillip Morris's Miller Lite "twist to open" commercials, which are among children's top 10 favorite ads, according to another study by KidCom. Hard liquor ads on television are equally unconscionable. In June, 1996, Joseph E. Seagrams & Sons Co. broke a 48 year old voluntary ban on advertising hard liquor on television. Five months later, the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) re-wrote its Code of Good Practice to allow its member distillers to advertise on radio and television. Even if these TV ads are aired only after 9 or 10 PM, they will still reach millions of American children. Alcohol advertising may increase alcohol consumption, including drinking by minors. Based on this effect, various municipalities around the country have attempted to ban alcohol advertising. These attempts have met with mixed results in the courts. This section will attempt to explain how a municipality can legally ban alcohol advertising. Commercial Speech The only constitutional impediment to banning alcohol advertising is First Amendment freedom of speech. Alcohol producers and their advertising companies will usually bring suit against a municipality which bans alcohol advertisements, arguing that the ban is an unconstitutional abridgement of the freedom of speech. Advertising, however, is only "commercial speech," which is protected by the First Amendment 1. but not to the extent that political speech is protected. Therefore, a municipality can regulate advertising much more than it can regulate "pure" First Amendment speech. Types of Alcohol Advertising Alcohol is advertised on billboards and other signs, in print, and on radio and television. It is al... ...ard the substance of alcohol as neutral --- neither inherently good nor inherently bad. What matters is how it is used, and we must convey by word and example that the abuse of alcohol is never humorous, acceptable, or excusable. Do alcohol ads portray the products being enjoyed in the most appealing settings and by the most attractive people? Of course they often do --- no less than do ads for cars, instant coffee and anti-fungal sprays. That normalcy of alcohol ads helps demystify the product --- which is a good place to begin encouraging realistic, moderate, and responsible attitudes about it. Responsible attitudes toward alcohol are based on the understanding that such beverages are yet another part of life over which individuals have control, like exercise, personal hygiene, or diet. If alcohol beverages are to be used moderately by those who choose to consume them, then it's important that these beverages not be stigmatized, compared to illegal drugs, and associated with abuse. They aren't dangerous poisons to be hidden from sight and become a subject of mystery and perhaps fascinating appeal. But that would be the message sent if alcohol commercials were banned from TV.

Antigone: Gender Conflict Essay -- essays research papers

In the play Antigone there are many references that link to the oppression of women. Creon made many convictions insulting womenkind. His convictions seemed true to a large population of men. I believe the majority of men, in the ancient Greek times believed in the undeniable domination of women. The start of the Greeks began around 2000 B.C. with the Mycenaeans. They inhabited the Greek peninsula. (Perry 40)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we transgress . . . we† (Beatty 61) Ismene claimed it was an outrageous thought to stand up to a man. Her view of the inferiority to men came from the many laws restricting the lives of women. Women lived most of their lives in their homes. They were allowed on the streets with the company of a man, or for the reason of a funeral or religious festival. Only the poverty stricken women were allowed to work outside the home. They were not allowed to own property. They lived their lives under the control of a male figure. (Kishlansky 75)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in marriage did not gain much pleasure. They married between the ages of twelve and eighteen. (Kagan 53) The marriage was arranged by their fathers. Marriages were conducted with these words, â€Å"I give this women for the procreation of legitimate children...I accept...And I give a certain amount as dowry...I am content.† Clearly the purpose of the women was to bear children. The role of the husband is vague and seems as though he doesn’t play much of a role in the household. Contact with other men was not allowed for the wives, yet for the husband it was common to pursue adulterous relationships. An Athenian male stated â€Å"Hetairai we have for our pleasure, mistresses for the refreshment of our bodies, but wives to bear us legitimate children and to look after the house faithfully.† (Spielvogel 75) â€Å"Kill your own son’s bride?...Oh, there are other fields for him to plough.† Was Creons answer to Ismene concerning his son’s marriage to Antigone. (Beatty 69)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prostitution prospered during these times. There were two classes of prostitution. There were the slaves run by citizens and the refined courtesans. (Spielvogel 100) Male prostitutes were   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  not citizens but foreigners. Female citizens were prostitutes, yet male prostitutes were not allowed. (Spielvogel 92)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...te creatures. . . child.† (Kishlansky 76) In many other plays the main characters were women. This may suggest women played a more profound role in society than portrayed by law.(Kagan 53)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even some of the wisest men were blinded to the rights of women. When Socrates was sentenced to death he had sent the women away. After he swallowed poison many of the male watchers began crying. â€Å"Really my friends, what a way to behave! Why, that was my main reason for sending away the women, to prevent this sort of disturbance;† (Spielvogel 96) Creon agreed that women lacked control of their emotions â€Å"Despicable coward! No more will than a woman!† (Beatty 72)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women of ancient Greek times suffered many hardships. They were only considered citizens for the sake of marriage and other duties to help men. They were considered evil and better off invisible. There were a few supporters of women. In many plays women were depicted as strong willed people. This leaves the likelihood that women were perceived as more than servers. It astonishes me to see some of these traditional views are still held, but luckily by a very small population. Antigone: Gender Conflict Essay -- essays research papers In the play Antigone there are many references that link to the oppression of women. Creon made many convictions insulting womenkind. His convictions seemed true to a large population of men. I believe the majority of men, in the ancient Greek times believed in the undeniable domination of women. The start of the Greeks began around 2000 B.C. with the Mycenaeans. They inhabited the Greek peninsula. (Perry 40)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we transgress . . . we† (Beatty 61) Ismene claimed it was an outrageous thought to stand up to a man. Her view of the inferiority to men came from the many laws restricting the lives of women. Women lived most of their lives in their homes. They were allowed on the streets with the company of a man, or for the reason of a funeral or religious festival. Only the poverty stricken women were allowed to work outside the home. They were not allowed to own property. They lived their lives under the control of a male figure. (Kishlansky 75)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in marriage did not gain much pleasure. They married between the ages of twelve and eighteen. (Kagan 53) The marriage was arranged by their fathers. Marriages were conducted with these words, â€Å"I give this women for the procreation of legitimate children...I accept...And I give a certain amount as dowry...I am content.† Clearly the purpose of the women was to bear children. The role of the husband is vague and seems as though he doesn’t play much of a role in the household. Contact with other men was not allowed for the wives, yet for the husband it was common to pursue adulterous relationships. An Athenian male stated â€Å"Hetairai we have for our pleasure, mistresses for the refreshment of our bodies, but wives to bear us legitimate children and to look after the house faithfully.† (Spielvogel 75) â€Å"Kill your own son’s bride?...Oh, there are other fields for him to plough.† Was Creons answer to Ismene concerning his son’s marriage to Antigone. (Beatty 69)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prostitution prospered during these times. There were two classes of prostitution. There were the slaves run by citizens and the refined courtesans. (Spielvogel 100) Male prostitutes were   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  not citizens but foreigners. Female citizens were prostitutes, yet male prostitutes were not allowed. (Spielvogel 92)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...te creatures. . . child.† (Kishlansky 76) In many other plays the main characters were women. This may suggest women played a more profound role in society than portrayed by law.(Kagan 53)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even some of the wisest men were blinded to the rights of women. When Socrates was sentenced to death he had sent the women away. After he swallowed poison many of the male watchers began crying. â€Å"Really my friends, what a way to behave! Why, that was my main reason for sending away the women, to prevent this sort of disturbance;† (Spielvogel 96) Creon agreed that women lacked control of their emotions â€Å"Despicable coward! No more will than a woman!† (Beatty 72)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women of ancient Greek times suffered many hardships. They were only considered citizens for the sake of marriage and other duties to help men. They were considered evil and better off invisible. There were a few supporters of women. In many plays women were depicted as strong willed people. This leaves the likelihood that women were perceived as more than servers. It astonishes me to see some of these traditional views are still held, but luckily by a very small population.

Notorious BIG

After freeing themselves from Mongol domination by 1480, the Russians pushed eastward. Russia, with its Byzantine-influenced culture, had been unimportant in world affairs before the fifteenth century Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars. During the fourteenth century, the duchy of Moscow took the lead in liberating Russia from the Mongols. Ivan Ill gave his government a military focus and used a blend of nationalism and the Orthodox Christian religion Creating a large independent state The Need for Revival Mongols had not reshaped basic Russian culture.However, reduced the vigor of cultural and economic life Literacy declined and the economy became purely agricultural and dependent on peasant labor. Ivan Ill restored the tradition of centralized rule, added a sense of imperial mission, and claimed supervision of all Orthodox Churches Russia, asserted Ivan, had succeeded Byzantium as the Third Rome. Ivan IV continued the policy of expansion He increased the power of the tsa r by killing many of the nobility (boyars)†earning the name of Ivan the Terrible Patterns of Expansion. Territorial expansion focused on central Asia.By the sixteenth century, they moved into Western Siberia Peasant adventurers (cossacks) were recruited to occupy the new lands. Loyal nobles and bureaucrats received land grants in the territories The conquests gave Russia increased agricultural regions and labor sources Slavery existed into the eighteenth century Important trading connections opened with Asian neighbors. Russia eliminated independent central Asia as a source of nomadic invasions Russia became a multicultural state. The large Muslim population was not forced to assimilate to Russian culture. Western Contact and Romanov PolicyThe tsars, mindful of the cultural and economic lag occurring under Mongol rule, also began a policy of carefully managed contacts with the West. Ivan Ill dispatched diplomatic missions to leading Western states under Ivan ‘V, British merchants established trading contacts. Italian artists brought in by the tsars built churches and the Kremlin, creating a distinct style of architecture When Ivan IV died without an heir early in the seventeenth century, the Time of Troubles commenced. The boyars tried to control government, while Sweden and Poland seized territory. In 1613, the oyars chose a member of the Romanov family, Michael, as tsar.The Time of Troubles ended without placing lasting constraints on the tsar's power. Michael restored internal order, drove out the foreign invaders, and recommenced imperial expansion. Alexis Romanov increased the tsar's authority by abolishing the because conservative believers resisted changes to their established rituals. The government exiled these â€Å"Old Believers† to Siberia or southern Russia. Russia's First westernization, 1690-1790 Peter l, the Great, continued past policies but added a new interest in changing the conomy and culture through imitation of Western forms.It was the first Westernization effort in history Peter traveled incognito to the West and gained an interest in science and technology Many Western artisans returned with him to Russia. Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great Peter was an autocratic ruler; revolts were brutally suppressed. Reforms were initiated through state decrees. Peter increased the power of the state through recruitment of bureaucrats from outside the aristocracy and by forming a Western-type military force A secret police was created to watch over bureaucracy Foreign policy followed existing patterns.A successful war with Sweden gave Russia a window on the Baltic Sea, allowing it to be a major factor in European diplomatic and military affairs Capital moved to Baltic city of St. Petersburg. What Westernization Meant Peter's reforms influenced politics, economics, and cultural change. The bureaucracy and military were reorganized on Western principles. The first Russian naw was created The councils of nob les were eliminated and replaced by advisors under his control Law codes were systematized and the tax system reformed to increase burdens on the peasantry metallurgical and mining industries were expandedCultural reforms aimed at bringing in Western patterns to change old customs. Nobles had to shave their beards and dress in Western style He succeeded in bringing the elite into the Western cultural zone The condition of upper class women improved No attempt was made to form an exporting industrial econom Westernization meant to Peter the encouragement of autocratic rule These changes brought resistance from all classes. Consolidation under Catherine the Great Several decades of weak rule followed Peter's death in 1724.Significant change resumed during the reign of Catherine (1762-1796). She used the Pugachev peasant rebellion as an excuse to extend central government authority Catherine was also a Westernizer and brought Enlightenment ideas to Russia She gave new power over serfs to the nobles in return for their service in the bureaucracy and military Catherine continued patronage of Western art and architecture, Russian expansionist policies continued. By the time of her death, Russia had completed an important transformation.Over three centuries the tsars created a strong central state ruling over the world's greatest land empire. New elements from the West had entered and altered Russia's conomy and culture. Themes in Early Modern Russian History Serfdom and a deep-rooted peasant culture did not mesh with Westernization efforts. The Russian nobility, through state service, maintained a vital position Smaller, incompletely Westernized landowners lived less wealthy lives.Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses Before the Mongol conquest, Russia's peasantry had been relatively free. The government from the sixteenth century encouraged serfdom A 1649 act made serfdom hereditary; other seventeenth and eighteenth century laws tied serfs to the land and augme nted the legal rights of landlords. Serfs were almost slaves; they were bought, sold, and punished by owners. Peasant conditions were similar in Eastern Europe. Peasants labored on large estates to produce grain for sale to the West.Western merchants in return brought the serfs' owners manufactured and luxury items. Peasants did have some rights; village governments regulated many aspects of life Most peasants remained poor and illiterate They paid high taxes and performed extensive labor services in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing Trade and Economic Dependence. There were few large cities in Russia; 95% of the population was rural Artisans also ere few, since most manufacturing was rurally based. Small merchant groups existed, but most trade was handled by Westerners.Peter the Great's reforms increased trade, yet the nobility managed to prevent the emergence of a strong commercial class. Russia's social and economic system had strengths. It produced adequate revenue for the expanding empire, supported the aristocracy, and allowed significant population growth. Commerce was carried on with independent central Asian regions. Agricultural methods remained traditional, and peasants lacked incentives to increase production for the benefit of landlords.Social Unrest By the end of the eighteenth century, Russian reformers were criticizing their nation's backwardness and urging the abolition of serfdom. Peasant discontent was more significant Peasants remained loyal to the tsar, but blamed landlords for the harshness of their lives. Periodic rebellions occurred from the seventeenth century The tsar and nobility triumphed, but peasant discontent remained a problem In Depth: Multinational Empires During the early modern period, Russia created the longest-lasting multinational empire The Mughal Empire ended during the nineteenth centurySpecial characteristics of the Russian Empire were the presence of a large core of ethnic groups prepared to spread widely and es tablish new settlements Russian ability to adopt Western techniques. Such states included minority ethnicities but developed methods to achieve national unity. From the nineteenth century onward, there have been serious clashes between national loyalties and multinational empires Russia and Eastern Europe Regions west of Russia formed a fluctuating borderland between western and eastern European interests In the Ottoman Balkans, trade with the West spread Enlightenment concepts.Poland and the Czech and Slovak areas were a part of the Some Eastern regions were participants in the Protestant Reformation Many of the smaller states lost political autonomy. The largest state, Poland, was linked to the West by shared Roman Catholicism By 1600, Polish aristocrats weakened the central government and exploited peasants Urban centers and a merchant class were lacking The kingdom was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Global Connections: Russia and the World The Russian empire was di fferent from those in the West, but its effect was enormous on two continents in this era.