History Unit 1 Edexcel Past Year Paper - 917 Words

January 2009 1. How far did Henry’s legal and financial reforms strengthen the power of the English monarchy? * Focus on key features of reform * Ensure balance given to both legal and judicial * Consider how important were these reforms in maintaining and expanding royal power, esp. after devolution of royal authority under Stephen Intro:- there was a necessity for reform (anarchy) -Briefly- Legal amp; financial reform -Themes: King as central authority strengthen his authority Why there was a need for reform? Body:- 2 parts : Legal reforms amp; financial reforms *LEGAL REFORMS – standardization : * writs * Legal procedure: henry attempted to formalize legal procedures, formed the 3 big assizes, by†¦show more content†¦2. How far do you agree that the weakness of royal finances was the main reason for the growth of opposition to King John? * What financial difficulties did John face, i.e. Richard’s ransom, loss of wealthy territory in France * At same time understand ability of England to generate large degrees of wealth, at expense of people; how did this, in turn, aggravate society? * Note that financial difficulties was not sole reason for the growth of opposition, took place alongside his personality problems, other flaws January 2011 1. To what extent did Henry strengthen the powers of the Crown in England? * Refer to instability caused by Anarchy; what were the problems, how did Henry address them. * Judge how successful was Henry in controlling England through the success of his reforms, and becoming Lord of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales * Balance against his poor showing against the Church 2. How important was the part played by Philip Augustus in the collapse of English power in France? * Philip’s ability to play son off father and brother off brother while he was weak * When in position of strength, and against weak king(John when Richard absent, and later dead), skilful military strategy * But note that his greatest conquests came during reign of John who was only a mildly successful military leader, and who had alienated allies. May 2011 1. To what extent was Becket responsible forShow MoreRelatedinformation based decision Essay3310 Words   |  14 PagesInformation Decision Making Assignment (Unit 5002) By: Author Tutor: Name Contents Introduction 2 Task 1 – The selection of information and data 3–4 Task 2 – The identification, analysis and evaluation of information and data 5–7 Task 3 – The presentation and communication of information and data 7–9 Bibliography 10 CMI Dip. In Leadership And Management L5, Module 5013, Assignment Introduction Information is data that has been processed so that it has meaningRead MoreEducation System in England7734 Words   |  31 Pagesincrease the quantity of available places. All four year olds are now promised a part-time place of five morning or afternoon sessions per week, and the government has set a target of providing a place for two thirds of three year olds by 2002. Downside The push to make more pre-school places available has prompted many primary schools to open nursery classes, offering parents a free place in classes that often become feeder classes to the first formal year of school. While this has benefited the budgetsRead MoreE T Level 4 CERT PORTFOLIO Anon27074 Words   |  109 Pagesï » ¿EDEXCEL EDUCATION TRAINING CERTIFICATE PORTFOLIO COURSE DATES: 2014/2015 APPROVED CENTRE: COURSE VENUE: VARIOUS COURSE TUTOR: CANDIDATE NAME: ENROLMENT No: Unit 1: Understanding Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Education and Training Unit reference number: H/505/0053 Unit 2: Planning to Meet the Needs of Learners in Education and Training Unit reference number: A/505/1189 Unit 3: Delivering Education and Training Unit reference number: M/505/1022 Unit 4: Assessing

Company / Organization Identification And An Overall Focus...

Company/Organization Identification and an Overall Focus Statement Fabletics is a subsidiary of JustFab. It is an online subscription retailer that sells women sportswear and accessories. Fabletics offers customers a personalized outfit every month based on the lifestyle they have and what they like to wear; their fashion preference. It is based on membership, $49.95 per month, and offers the customer the option to skip any month without any obligations of purchasing any of their monthly choices. However, if a customer does not skip the month that they have no intention of buying an outfit, their credit card will be charged the monthly fee and they will be given a credit on their account to use whenever to select an outfit from their†¦show more content†¦Customer Segmentation Identification Our Fabletics campaign will focus on consumers, primarily females, who already purchase online, since they will have an understanding of how online shopping works. With a focus on consume rs who show interest and willingness in being fit and living a healthier life and consumers who are into the new media world, meaning consumers who can be targeted primarily through social media. The demographic profiles of these consumers would be females between the Millennial and Generation X ages. This is between the ages of 18 and 40. These consumers will belong to three subcultural groups, Caucasians, Hispanics and African-Americans. All in the US because my brand is an American brand. The psychographic of these consumers would be those who share the same interest as wanting to be fit and healthy. Consumers who like and want to wear nice workout clothes but don t want to spend a lot of money on it. Also, online shopper because this brand is only available on our website and will not be found in stores. These consumers will have to share the same motivation or have to same end goal, living a healthier life. Our consumers will have to be motivated, because motivation drives con sumers to buy. These consumers would want to be in the happening now, which luckily for our brand is being fit. Then we will also have those consumers who

Corporate Cultures I Professional Growth

Question: Describe about the Corporate Cultures I for Professional Growth. Answer: 1. In modern business organisations, management has always preferred the employees to evolve themselves as T-shaped professionals. Precisely, a T-shaped professional needs to significant level of broader skills, talent, knowledge resources, and competencies. In order to enhance emerging skills among the young set of employees, the role of T-shaped professionals is essential for collaboration. In the definition of T-shaped professionals, two set of competencies and broader skills have been described. Through the vertical bar of the T-shaped model, the expert knowledge and experience of the professionals have been denoted (Marczely, 2006). On the other hand, the horizontal area of the T-shaped framework refers to the ability of collaboration in other necessary disciplines required to enhance knowledge. Meanwhile, a T-shaped professional is someone who possesses definite T-shaped skills and attributes. The T-shaped skills of a person include innovative management practices, communicatio n techniques, and problem-solving concept at the corporate perspective. Moreover, T-shaped professionals must identify the responsibility and role associated with the assigned job position (Hunzicker, 2010). In order to develop such skills in practice, modern organisations have favoured management training and career development programmes effective for this purpose. Given a job position, the leading senior employees of the firm must be influenced to take the responsibility to encourage T-shaped skills development among the subordinates. Most importantly, it is not a process that can be completed with a couple of month or so. Thorough encouragement towards the staff members must be given to identify trans-disciplinary knowledge effective for developing T-shaped professional skills. Moreover, the employee engagement must be motivated to attain the specific skills and knowledge effective to meet the organisations goal. Moreover, effective collaboration among the new set of hiring and seniors can influence T-shaped skills among the workforce (Pain, 2010). To develop T-shaped skills within personal traits, first of all, the knowledge resources of an individual must be enhanced. Furthermore, effective communication is another vital aspect to elevate all kinds of T-shaped skills in personal traits. Significant discussion with the T-shaped professionals can be helpful to identify the relevant features of T-shaped skills. Admittedly, by working with diversified team members can develop sufficient skills of understanding, problem-solving and management styles (De Bortoli et al., 2016). Moreover, by following the team leader, decision-making and role distribution technique can be learnt. On the other hand, the internet resources can be useful to identify the modern theories and practices leading to skill enhancement. As far as self-development is concerned, competition and challenging work situation can encourage me to learn T-shaped skills to become an expert. 2. Interview is one of the most complicated processes of HR management. There is no proper answer to the question of how to select the right person for the organisation. On the other hand, the HR management must complete all other activities of the hiring process before conducting the interview session. The outcome of the interview process depends upon the efforts made on the previous activities such as screening the applications of the interviewee and conducting a background check (Jacobs, 2016). Hence, it is important to note that a good interview requires more structured and professional approach to identify right candidate because the interviewer must examine the information provided in the resume and screen them first to select the best talent available in the market. On the other hand, the HR manager must be capable of analysing the capabilities of the applicants and judge their behaviour by observing the gestures of the interviewee. Along with that, the HR managers must prepar e a proper report of the interview to make appropriate decision regarding selecting the right person for the job (London, 2012). Hence, it can be said that a good interview needs a more structured and professional approach to identify right candidate. There are several pitfalls of a poor interview that are discussed herein below: The interviews may miss to measure the technical skills, team skills, attitude, intelligence and physical skills of the applicants accurately (Falzer, 2013). The interviews are based on historical information that may not be appropriate to measure the future opportunities due to the fast changing world. The interview questions are frequently asked and are not weighted appropriately. The minor questions are rated with same priority as the important questions (Falzer, 2013). The interviewer may miss out to focus on the interview question in place of putting more attention on subjective factors such as accent, body language, height, dress, handshake and lateness of the interviewee. First of all, in order to get prepared for more professional interviews a candidate must conduct a self awareness analysis. On the other hand, he must be aware of the business process that is operated by the employer in order to present an appropriate skills and knowledge regarding the product and services rendered by the company (Lussier, 2010). The applicant must prepare an attractive resume to get selected during the screening process. Furthermore, the candidate must develop skills to present his ascent, body language and gesture in a professional way. The candidate must wear a formal outfit to have a professional look that attracts most of the interviewers (De Bortoli et al., 2016). The candidate must go through the information provided in the resume and must be prepared to answer any question related to the data provided in the resume. 3. Self-awareness is one of the most significant aspects to attain professional growth and leadership skills. Without proper level of self-awareness, a professional employee cannot develop a bright career. Precisely, to attain high level of self-awareness, mediation technique can be recognised as the best practices. Moreover, through mediation, a person can speak to himself to identify the positive and negative features of his characters (Tjan, 2015). On the basis of self-assessment, mundane tasks must be taken into account to increase the level of self-awareness within personal trait. Secondly, one can increase self-awareness through writing down the crucial plans and objectives to be achieved. Such articulation of reasons can lead to significant decision-making (Davies, 2015). Respectively, one must get regular feedback to decide constructive competencies and knowledge style. Thus, self-awareness of a person can be elevated (Callahan and Spalding, 2006). A positive feedback can enc ourage being more aggressive whereas negative feedbacks should be identified as opportunities to improve. Admittedly, personality assessment has helped to build a great deal of self-awareness to be utilised in corporate jobs. On another note, a respective professional employee must participate in 360-degree assessment to identify whether professional as well as personal requirements have been met (Swartz, 2013). Furthermore, personal reflective journals may be a good option to enhance self-awareness of an individual. Convincingly, my self-awareness has been significantly boosted by following the strategies and practices mentioned in the above section. During personal as well as professional growth, I have prioritised my inner voice to identify what my fundamental personal traits are in associated with college life and work life. I have encouraged my self-awareness through significant decision-making techniques. Furthermore, the self-assessment of my knowledge and career development priorities has encouraged the self-characteristics. Meanwhile, increase in the self-awareness has given me sincerity and enthusiasm to do well in my career (Brockbank and McGill, 2006). Often, I prefer to take personality tests to identify what major building blocks are associated with my regular knowledge resources. Also, my friends and relatives have given me the confidence to become a successful student. The informal feedbacks of my character and knowledge have boosted my thoughts to become more active and motivated on a regular basis (Denzine, 2011). Notably, I prefer talented coaches who have helped to influence my thoughts and decision-making. The effective coaches have enlightened my knowledge and personal traits to develop perceptions supportive for my college as well as work life (Hansen, 2012). In personal assessment, I have always scored high ranks to fulfil my self-structure. Essentially, my self-awareness has motivated me to do productive works effective for personal as well as professional development. The learners reflective Learning Journal The learners reflective learning journal is prepared to present owns understanding of the module by conducting a self awareness analysis. In order to present the reflective learning journal, I have conducted my SWOT analysis to discuss my strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Dong and Hayes, 2012). I am good at character creation and public speaking. I have a good knowledge of using computer and other technical software. Along with that, I am quite capable of working in a team. I am capable of making fast and crucial decisions. All these positive points in me act as my strengths. But, along with my strengths, I have certain weaknesses such as I get easily distracted and jump to the final image without considering other facts. Considering the opportunities, I am going through a course of business studies that will develop my professional character and help me in the future. The threat that I fill for myself is the immense competition in the market. I have the quality of a leader that makes me capable of guiding a team. On the other hand, I am quite effective in making quick decisions and analyse the situation using different theories and professional models. Hence, I have chosen the career of a manager to work in a team and lead it towards a strategic direction in order to make my organisation seek growth and achieve all its goals and targets. The identified personal experiences of my status have given significant and productive personal development skills. To be fair, I feel that my self-awareness, management skills and motivation attributes have boosted my confidence. Precisely, the versatile abilities of my personal traits have provided me the knowledge to lead with transition and change. More often than not, I have learnt about modern management techniques that can enhance my capabilities at the highest level. Currently, I have identified the theoretical concepts regarding valuable management to increase the level of experience and self-esteem (Swartz, 2013). Most importantly, I have maintained a significant balance in extra-curricular activities and management tasks to influence others. A personal development plan has been presented herein below: Milestones Description Timeline Professional development Develop professionalism by following the theories and models of the professional growth module. End of the module Prepare for interviews Get prepare for interviews by reviewing myself and preparing a good resume. End of the module Strategic Thinking Need to develop strategic thinking to make proper decisions and apply management theories in real life. Within upcoming six months Cross functional expertise Need to develop cross functional expertise by concentrating on other modules of my course. End of the Course Participation While attending the module of Corporate Cultures One, I have participated in several discussions about professional growth and T-shaped professional models. I have discussed with my teacher about how to develop professionalisms in myself and learned different techniques and methods of rising own self awareness. Along with that, I have discussed the best ways of conducting good interviews and learned about the pitfalls of poor interviews. Furthermore, I have also discussed in the class about how to get prepared for a professional interview and get selected for the job. My teacher has taught me about what I should not do and should do while attending an interview. Hence, I can conclude by saying that the module is quite helpful for me to develop professionalism in myself. References Brockbank, A. and McGill, I. (2006).Facilitating reflective learning through mentoring coaching. 1st ed. London: Kogan Page. Callahan, S. and Spalding, E. (2006). Can High-Stakes Writing Assessment Support High-Quality Professional Development?.The Educational Forum, 70(4), pp.337-350. Davies, N. (2015). Student life - Putting theory into practice every day.Nursing Standard, 30(12), pp.66-66. De Bortoli, L., Ogloff, J., Coles, J. and Dolan, M. (2016). Towards best practice: combining evidence-based research, structured assessment and professional judgement.Child Family Social Work. Denzine, G. (2011). Making a Commitment to Professional Growth: Realizing the Potential of Professional Portfolios.NASPA Journal, 38(4). Dong, X. and Hayes, C. (2012). Uncertainty Visualizations: Helping Decision Makers Become More Aware of Uncertainty and Its Implications.Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 6(1), pp.30-56. Falzer, P. (2013). Valuing Structured Professional Judgment: Predictive Validity, Decision-making, and the Clinical-Actuarial Conflict.Behavioral Sciences the Law, 31(1), pp.40-54. Hansen, D. (2012).7 Steps To Increase Self-Awareness And Catapult Your Career. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/drewhansen/2012/01/24/7-steps-to-increase-self-awareness-and-catapult-your-career/#466f9ed66607 [Accessed Dec. 2016]. Hunzicker, J. (2010). Characteristics of Effective Professional Development: A Checklist.Professional Development in Education, [online] 37(2), pp.3-12. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED510366.pdf. Jacobs, S. (2016). Reflective learning, reflective practice.Nursing, 46(5), pp.62-64. London, M. (2012).Leadership development. 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lussier, R. (2010).Management fundamentals. 1st ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: South Western College. Marczely, B. (2006).Personalizing professional growth. 1st ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press. Pain, E. (2010). Expand Your Professional-Skills Training.Science. Swartz, G. (2013).Worksharing, jobsharing and skill development leave. 1st ed. Hull, Que?bec: Employment and Immigration Canada. Tjan, A. (2015).5 Ways to Become More Self-Aware. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/02/5-ways-to-become-more-self-aware [Accessed Dec. 2016].

The Greenhouse Effect, Nuclear Contamination, Toxic Chemicals, Oil Spi

The greenhouse effect, nuclear contamination, toxic chemicals, oil spills, air pollution, water pollution: these are all issues that affect every single living being on this planet we call home. The environment and issues pertaining to the environment apply directly to the entire world. Greenpeace, an international environmental organization that is dedicated to preserving the earth's natural resources, addresses these numerous environmental issues through peaceful campaigning and demonstrations. Members of the "Don't Make a Wave Committee" founded Greenpeace in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1971. The "Don't Make a Wave Committee" was a small group opposed to nuclear weapons testing by the United States military in Alaska. Later, the committee changed its name to Greenpeace to echo its greater goal of creating a green and peaceful world. Greenpeace has more than forty offices in 30 countries with its headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is a growing organization that has dedicated a lot of time and manpower to making this world a better and safer place for its inhabitants. Through peacefully lobbying and demonstration, Greenpeace has affected change for the better and, hopefully, will continue to do so in the future. The main issues that Greenpeace concerns itself with include climate changes, toxic chemicals, and nuclear disarmament and contamination. Greenpeace has acknowledged that one of the greatest threats to the planet is global climate change. Scientists and governments alike have all established that the problem is serious and real. In 1997, industrialized countries agreed at the climate summit in Kyoto to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere. However, little real action is being taken to address the problem. The efforts of Greenpeace on this issue include campaigning for governments to face up to their responsibilities and address the problem. Greenpeace believes that governments should be leading the way to a new energy direction based on renewable energy like wind or solar power. At present many governments are instead using taxpayer's money to support companies that spend billions of dollars on development of coal, oil or gas. These fossil fuels, by releasing carbon into the atmosphere, are the leading cause for climate change. Scientist estimate that there is a "safe" limit for climate change and that we can only release a limited amount of carbon into the atmosphere. Greenpeace calculated this amount of carbon within the range of 112.5 to 337.5 billion tons of carbon over the next 100 years. They claim that industry has already four times this amount of carbon in reserves of fossil fuels. If fossil fuels continue to be burned at the present levels, the "safe" limit will be reached in about 40 years. That is why Greenpeace advocates reducing carbon dioxide emissions and phasing out the use of fossil fuels. Greenpeace b elieves that we are in a second world oil crisis. The first crisis in the 1970s was a shortage of oil. Presently, the crisis is that we have too much oil. Greenpeace claims that instead of spending money on new oil exploration, corporations should instead spend money on converting to renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Oil companies like Exxon, Shell, Mobil and BP continuously expand their search for oil, exploring remote areas previously too expensive or too harsh to consider. Greenpeace, in an effort to stop this, campaigns against new oil exploration. They lobby governments to stop encouraging oil companies to extend their reach. They also challenge oil industries to stop exploring for more oil and switch to investment in renewable energy. Greenpeace is concentrating its efforts on halting oil expansion on two fronts: the Arctic in Northern Alaska and the Atlantic Frontier in the wild ocean to the north and west of Ireland, Scotland and Norway. Greenpeace has strong convictions and believes firmly that it is possible to change to renewable energy. Toxic chemicals are a second concern for Greenpeace. The Greenpeace International Toxics Campaign is the campaign of Greenpeace that seeks to end the manufacture, use, trade, and disposal of hazardous toxic chemicals. Greenpeace Toxic activists raise the awareness of toxic pollution and encourage governments and industries to convert to clean modes of production. POPs, or persistent organic pollutants, are the worst toxics in the environment today. These substances

The red sludge ecological disaster

Table of Contents Introduction The Red Sludge Ecological Disaster Conclusion Reference List Introduction The Hungary sludge flood that occurred on Monday 4th October has hit the news and the world as one posing danger to the eco system. A state of emergency was declared in Hungary on Tuesday 5th October 2010 in three of its states following a toxic red sludge flood flowing from a failed waste reservoir at Ajkai Timfoldgyar plant in Ajkai, affecting several neighboring towns and causing massive destruction.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The red sludge ecological disaster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hundreds of people had to be evacuated and temporarily relocated after the torrent flowed into homes, swept cars off road and caused destruction on roads and bridges as the industrial waste flowed into several nearby towns (Gorondi, 2010). The sludge flood left four dead, about six people missing and more th an 120 people injured. The Red Sludge Ecological Disaster The environmental affairs state secretary informed the MTI news that as of Thursday, approximately one million cubic meters of the red sludge had leaked from the reservoir affecting an area of approximately 40 square kilometers. He further referred to the sludge flood as an ecological catastrophe thereby suspending all the activities of the company and ordering it to repair the broken reservoir (Gorondi, 2010). He further warned that content of the sludge featured heavy metals some of which may cause cancer and respiratory complications especially with the warm weather that is aiding evaporation hence transforming the red sludge into dust. He also predicted further environmental hazards especially if the sludge found its way into the ground water (Jahn 2010). The red sludge reached the Danube River on Thursday 7th October 2010. This has posed threat to some of the nations along one of the major European water way and also saw one of the Hungarian tributary dead. The sludge flood also caused death to aquatic and wildlife in the areas flooded by the industrial waste. The rescue team tried to salvage the situation by pouring plaster and acetic acid into the affected areas in order to lower the Ph levels that were initially highly alkaline. Tons of plaster was also poured into the Marcal River in attempt to prevent the sludge from spreading further. However, the aquatic life in this river was adversely affected and the waste found its way into the Raba River, which then flows to River Danube. The Hungarian rescue agency confirmed that the Ph of the sludge seeping into River Danube has been decreased and it is unlikely to lead to further environmental degradation. Environmentalists have warned that the flood may cause long term damage to the regions top soil thereby affecting farming activity. Approximately 2000 acres of top soil will eventually have to be replaced to make the land suitable for Agriculture s ince the sludge has destroyed the nutrients required to keep the soil fertile and capable of supporting agriculture (Jahn 2010).Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The red sludge is a waste product resulting from bauxite refining which is the basic product for the production of alumina. It is composed of heavy metals and is toxic if ingested hence posing danger to life. Residents used snow shovels and wore no more protective materials other than rubber gloves in attempt to salvage their possessions. Dozens of them received severe burns as the red sludge penetrated through their clothing. Hungarian environmentalist explained that the burns resulted from accumulation of the sludge in the reservoir for a long time causing it to become extremely alkaline with a Ph of 13 (Gorondi, 2010). Those that were injured by the sludge had to be closely monitored since the chemical burns could take longe r time to emerge and could eventually cause severe damage to the body’s deeper tissues. It remains unclear as to what caused the reservoir to collapse. Meteorologists at AccuWeather.com have proposed that recent unusually high precipitation in areas in central Europe may have been one of the factors that contributed to the collapse of the reservoir as spring and winter rainfalls were 200% above normal (Jahn 2010). This may have consequently weakened the walls that contained the sludge causing it to collapse and cause the leakage. According to the company’s management, the sludge does not pose danger to human life and the occurrence would not have been prevented by any precautions on their side. They argue that the plant had recently been inspected and displayed no signs of irregularity. However, the collapsed reservoir was not leaking by Thursday and a protective wall was built around the damaged part and measures have been put in place to alert incase of emergency (Ja hn 2010). Industrial poisoning is one of the major problems facing any world’s ecosystem. Some occur merely as fatal accidents while others happen as a result of carelessness and negligence by the company employees. Industrial accidents are inevitable to occur and sometimes the magnitude of the damage is not evident until it is too late to contain it. The Hungarian prime minister suggested that the leakage could have emanated from human error but the company responded by issuing a report that indicated that the company management could not have predicted the occurrence of the natural catastrophe hence could not have done anything to prevent it.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The red sludge ecological disaster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A number Hungarians lost their lives to the sludge while others were severely injured and millions worth of property was destroyed. According to environmentalists, a report filed in 2003 cautioned the government on the risks of the accumulated red sludge and estimated that the content of waste weighed up to 30 million tons. When the red sludge is allowed to accumulate over the years, it forms one of the largest amounts of toxic waste in the country. This occurrence should help the Hungarian government and the management of the company to embrace the views of environmental groups in the future and address the situations brought to their attention by these groups to avoid loss of life and property through industrial accidents Conclusion While uncertainties still surround the cause of the sludge flooding in Hungary, it is vital that the company takes responsibility of the situation, assess the damage the spillage caused, establish safer method of storing and discarding the waste products from their manufacturing processes as well as devising mechanisms to prevent the same occurrence from taking place in the future. The government on the other han d should stop playing the blame game and aim at protecting its citizens from having to endure such demise again. It should strengthen its governing policies on industrial manufacturing industry as well as improving its responsiveness to disaster mechanisms in order to protect life. The Hungarian government should also seek to find the cause of the sludge flooding and take stern measures to avoid such cases in future. Reference List Gorondi, P. (2010). The daily caller: Crews struggle to clear toxic Hungary sludge flood. Web. Jahn, G. (2010). Toxic red sludge reaches the Danube River. Associated press. Web. This report on The red sludge ecological disaster was written and submitted by user Finnegan Gallagher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Portugal and Slavery essays

Portugal and Slavery essays In Portugal, slavery was a major issue that plagued the land, as was white merchants from Europe invading the area with their goods. Many white Europeans came to Africa to make money and profit for their own righteousness. White merchant would sell goods in Africa to make a higher profit. African would not let them into the country to sell their goods but the King allowed them to enter. As the Europeans entered Congo by the grace of the king, Dom Affonso, they would find their greatest good to sell and trade, slaves. Many Africans were forced into to slavery, sold to the highest bidder. This is how white Europeans profited so much. Many of the noblemen and their sons were kidnapped and forced to serve as slaves to other merchants. Many Africans pleaded with the king to pass a law that stated, any white man that want to profit from selling goods that wanted to live in Congo would have to inform the three noblemen. If any white man did not comply with these rules and regulations would lose all of their goods. Many merchants claimed they took care of their slaves by not branding the women as hard as the men and discarding the unhealthy ones. The women slaves were also cheaper than the males. On the other hand, French, Portuguese, and English slave owners would not get what they asked for in trade for the slaves. In return, the master would take everything from the slaves, including their clothes and feed them only bread and water three times a day. They had to feed six to seven hundred slaves on board a ship. You can imagine the small rations the slaves were served. Then, the masters would send them to the merchants skin and bones, not in good shape to do the manual labor they would probably have to do. Enslaved Africans were usually kidnapped. Many Africans were trained at an early age to fight and protect the house. Sometimes the youngest ones were taken and forced into slavery. ...

Cyclical Fluctuations in Aggregate Economic Activity in the United Essay

Cyclical Fluctuations in Aggregate Economic Activity in the United States - Essay Example ailed as father of modern economics and as the most influential economist of the 20th century explains that a normal circular flow of money will be achieved if people have cash on their hands. He further states that people’s? refusal to spend and resorts to money hoarding creates a liquidity trap which leads to recession and depression. As such, the government has to spend money or to â€Å"pump prime† to regulate once more the circular flow of money. Karl Marx, explained that the cycle of boom and bust is inherent to capitalist system. He provided a comprehensive critique of the capitalist system. He explained the cycle of boom and bust as a logical consequence of laws governing capitalism (Law of Surplus Value, Law of Tendency of Rate of profit to Fall, Law of Correspondence of the production in Relation to the productive Forces, Law of Accumulation and Law of Competition) (Dickhut). However, in contrast to the above economist, Marx major contribution lies in concludi ng that capitalism is deemed towards doomsdays. He theorized socialism as an alternative economic system not just to remedy the impact on the lives of the working class and the nation in general on the devastating effect of the boom and bust cycle but to radically eradicate it and its consequences of unemployment, inflation, recession and depression. III.Critical Analysis Great Depression The Great Depression of 1930’?s ? is widely considered by economist as a bust period. The US stock market declined by 89% (Ferguson).From August of 1929 to March 1933,the Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of US declined by 33%.Unemployment rose from 5 million in 1930 to 13 million in 1932.People are lining for food and are moving from one place to another as they could not afford rents. Children ages 10-18 are already... This essay provides a critical analysis of the reasons behind Great Depression of 1929-1933 and recent Great Recession, that followed the Financial crisis of 2008. Major roots of the Financial crisis are identified in the essay, monetary and fiscal policies of the US governing bodies are also assessed. Cyclical fluctuations in aggregate economic activity are now accepted as quite part of economic life with politicians describing such crisis as a necessary pain every so often. The reality of economic growth, recession and recovery is a classic manifestation of the capitalist cycle of boom and bust. The Great Depression of 1930’s is widely considered by economist as a bust period. The US stock market declined by 89% . Unemployment rose from 5 million in 1930 to 13 million in 1932. The US economy was able to bounce back from depression with then President Roosevelt policy of bank holiday and gave authority to Federal Reserve to provide loans to its non members. In 2008-2009, US experienced 4 quarters of economic contraction, the worst recession after the Great Depression. Unemployment is up by 14.9 million and 300,000 homeowners are losing their property every month on foreclosure after the NBER declares that recession is over in June The US has employed Keynesian theory- boosting its aggregate demand to save its economy from further collapse. The giant corporations have been bailed out by taxpayer’ money, while the value of home real estate has yet to rise up. This kind of solution is artificially boosting the economy.

Grieving and Support of a Dying Patient Case Study

Grieving and Support of a Dying Patient - Case Study Example It was important to conduct an assessment before this decision, so Mary's needs and wishes can be ascertained and incorporated in the care plan. Her assessment included the nature of her condition, type 2 diabetes, social circumstances, experience of healthcare, approach to life, mental health status, psychological wellbeing, and cultural, religious, and spiritual views. Taking Mary's condition into account, she lives in a remote area, where healthcare access is sparse, and the acute specialized care available will be less. Therefore, an open and honest communication with Mary was initiated. She was obviously grieving, and it was my job to identify the triggers for discussion. In this discussion, she was communicated regarding the agreed care plan, and over the time, review of her needs and preferences were made. The needs of care included not only maintenance of her diet and blood sugars, and prevention of other complications without heroic treatment, since she preferred to die at home. The ultimate outcome for dying patients is to achieve good end of life care and a good death.

Machhavelli and the concepts of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Machhavelli and the concepts of War - Essay Example However, in either of these considerations for traditional, modern and post-modern war, Niccolo Machiavelli was renowned for its remarkable concepts about war in general. It is the purpose of this paper to emphasize the whole point of Machiavelli on the concept of war. Thus, the proponent tries to emphasize Machiavelli as a diplomat and together with his role on the concepts of war. Machiavelli was engaged in trying to make government leader aware about the perils and the good things about war. However, part of such meaningful understanding about war is to elaborately discuss his idea on the subject matter. In order to understand him further on his engagement in the concept of war, his various writing on ‘The Prince’, ‘the Discourses’ and ‘The Art of War’ all consist of ideas and theories about politics, human nature, the concept of war and other societal issues. He is indeed a diplomat on the concept of war in his own ways. How to exactly identify Machiavelli as a diplomat on the concept of war is the main point of this section. Part of the discussion is the inclusion of various analyses about Machiavelli as a diplomat on the concept of war based on his works. A diplomat needs to have the needed skills in making people entirely agree with his or her idea. Machiavelli was able to make it by trying to emphasize that war in his books is only required if there is a need to do so. There are various risks in trying to come up with war if in the end it is justified that more destructions than advantage are obtained. Niccolo Machiavelli without question was highly skilled on the business of making agreements or making people agree on his concept of war. There are other various thinkers like Machiavelli but his way of thinking on the concept of war was able to gain various political considerations until the present time. Machiavelli always looked at the concern of the country and its citizens. Since he is

Realism And Narrative Techniques In Short Stories

Realism And Narrative Techniques In Short Stories Alice Munro is one of the most well-known and highly praised representative of Canadian short fiction writing, both on the Canadian and on the international scale. As American writer Mona Simpson notes, [Munros] genius, has the simplicity of the best naturalism, in that it seems not translated from life, but, rather, like life itself. In other words, she is praised for being a realist writer. In another article, Canitz and Seamon showed what techniques Munro uses to create the impression of her stories not being stories, but truth, or the reality as such. Also, they comment on how the narrator in Munros stories reflects from time to time on the narrative technique or the plotline and the development of the story. However, they have omitted some aspects of Munros work which would, in fact, support the argument that despite her realism, her short stories are in fact very well-structured, and fit into the general pattern of traditional criteria towards short stories: they excessively us e foreshadowing technique, the opening sentence initiates the predesigned effect and every word has its place in the story line, they are indeed chosen very carefully in order to contribute to the effect that the author wants to create, and thus creating a dense text. (Critical perspective online) In this paper, I show how the techniques described by Canitz and Seamon can be depicted in Munros novella Miles City, Montana. Then the essay goes on to discuss the other techniques employed by Munro in this short story, including the ones that do not fit into this analysis of realist fiction. Canitz and Seamon explain how Munro, as all realists, must somehow persuade her audience that her fiction is not a product of imagination and creativity, but it is rather the truth. (Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 67) This is done in her writings through a variety of subtle strategies which she uses to build our faith in her reality. (Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 68) Moreover, as Munro is aware that including realistic details into her stories would not suffice to convince readers that the story presented to them is not fictional, she rather chooses, in a post-modern manner, to acknowledge that she is making up a story. So, we are not simply exposed to the story line, but we are included in a way in the process of writing down the story and creating the characters. Ironically, this technique is in fact a doubly-twisted tool: the fact that she drags the reader into the process of writing does not mean that the writing in fact happened in the way as she told us within the frames of the story. Ho wever, this is not obvious at the first glance, and is indeed an effective method to persuade readers on the reality of what they read. Interestingly, the short story Miles City, Montana, involves a triple twist as to the narrative technique: the narrator is also a character at the same time, who reflects on her story-telling. For example the narrator says at one point: It seems to me now that we invented characters for our children. (Munro, 1985: 661) And indeed, all happenings are told from one point of view, and we only know about other characters what the mother and wife, who is also the narrator, reveals about them. Moreover, this point of view is not consistent in itself: both childhood and adult memories are involved, (Tragedies that help online) which means a change in the way events are seen by the narrator, and also a change in her feelings. This fluctuating view-point, or in better words multiple perceptions of single events can be seen as a post-modern feature in the narrative construction. (New, 2003: 239) In other words, what we read is not the reality, but we are explicitly told that it is not real, th erefore we are more willing to trust the narrator. The second method used by Munro to create the impression of reality is, as the pair of authors point out that the storyline is not linear. Rather, it fluctuates in time and location and subject, and it is left to the reader to figure out the reasons why the shifts are made where and how they are made. (Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 69) Sometimes Munro reflects on the shifts I have forgotten to say that but in Miles City, Montana, the shifts are not explained. However, careful reading reveals why the chunks of paragraphs follow each other in the way they do. Steve Gauleys story is told first to open a frame structure, to set the tone and to begin the foreshadowing sequence that follows. The view of the landscape on their road trip to Ontario evocates childhood memories from the narrator, so this time, it is a stream of consciousness that links together the paragraph on their trip with the following sentences on her past. Then when the mother talks about her hope of Meg not having a tem perature, and then jumping back right next to her relation with her parents-in-law, it might be not too far-reaching to conclude that the link that bounds together these two events is the feverishness of the mother to meet up to Andrews parents expectations. I hope she isnt feversih, says she, and at the same time she herself is overly anxious about what opinion her husbands parents would have on their family life. She even compares herself and her husband to strenuous children. (Munro, 1985: 668) Finally, while she goes to get some drink in the park in Miles City, she observes the environment very carefully -as carefully as she is supposed to watch out for her daughters. [Y]ou feel their singleness and precise location and the forlorn coincidence of your being there to see them. (Munro, 1985: 670) This is the sentence that precedes her sudden thought of the children, and it can be interpreted in both ways: meaning the nature, and meaning Cynthia and Meg as well. So, Munros story-te lling is of a rambling nature (Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 68) which reminds the reader constantly that what he or she is reading is only a recollection, and successfully creates the impression that we are not being exposed to a story, but to a real, true event. Finally, the article notes that [m]any brief passages in Munros stories quietly create the reality effect she seeks. (Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 73) For example when the parents reflect on Megs accident, both reject its unnatural, or supernatural features. The mother denies that she would have a mothers instinct, and attributes her sudden thought about the children to mere luck. Similarly the husband does not recollect properly how he had jumped over or climbed the fence, but plainly states that he cannot understand it, rather than mythologize what had happened. Thus, the narration becomes free of legend-making. (Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 77) On the other hand, this episode could be also interpreted as a sign of the ambiguity and unreliability of experience, a sign of how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾events and memories, experience and fictional reconstruction, never precisely coincide which is also characteristic of Munros style. (New, 2003: 239 and 299) In addition, by the end of the short story, w hen we already know that Meg had survived the accident, we are nevertheless confronted with another possible ending to this story details of a tragic ending with Meg being dead are elaborated in a lengthy paragraph, at the end of which the narrator poses the question: Theres something trashy about this kind of imagining, isnt there? (Munro 1985: 673), again reflecting on the story-telling. Having showed all this, and before turning towards other techniques that are in contradiction with the claim of reality in the short story, let me point out some further evidence that support Munros realism, but are not elaborated in Canitzs and Seamons article: Firstly, Munros language is not very poetic or literal. She prefers to use everyday langauge, which adds to the real life taste of her stories. As one crticic puts it, Munros stories are translations into the next-door language of fiction of all those documentary details, those dazzling textures and surfaces, of remembered experience. (Ross, 112, quoted in Canitz and Seamon, 1996: 68) However, simple language does not exlude the use of lirical devices. All characters in the short story create images, and make lirical similes themselves. The narrator compares Steve Gauley to a heap of refuse (Munro, 1985: 656) and draws a parallel between the Gauleys tumbledown house and their shackly family life. The children, who play import ant, but not dominent [sic!] role (Jakabfi, 2003: 195) give an old-lady like image to their previous family car, and a sporty image to the new one. The parents make fun of their daughters by the father telling them about the beach which would be after the next curve and the mother pretending to produce some lemonade and grape juice with her magic wand. Cynthia adds that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾[i]n Miles City, there is a beautiful blue swimming pool for children, and a park with lovely trees. (Munro, 1985: 668) In short, it seems that they are creating reality around themselves. Canitz and Seamon claim that Munro creates the impression of realism [by giving] a significant place to improbability and contingency, elements that are opposed to the conventionally well-constructed realist narrative. However, some techniques utterly contradict the claim that this story would be developing before our eyes, with no obvious plotline at hand at the beginning, but through accidents rather. The most obvious such tool is that of foreshadowing. In Miles City, Montana, there are several hints in the story that imply what the readers can expect to happen by the end. Throughout reading the story, as soon as we learn about the road trip, we fear that one family member, possibly one of the children, will die. This impression is already created in the very first sentence of the novella: My father came accross the field carrying the body of the boy who had been drowned. (Munro, 1985: 656) Immediately, the tone is set: it is rather sinister. The narrator continues to give readers hints about an expected tragedy. Meg waves good-bye to the house, and although Cynthia, the elder girl assures her it is not forever that they are leaving it, the readers are left with a feeling of doubt and uneasiness whether the family would really return. On their way to Ontario, they see a dead deer on the road, which was probably hit by accident readers wonder is one of the family members going to suffer an accident? This fear of one character dying at the end is reinforced by Cynthia song, in which five little ducks go out, but only four come back. Then we learn about the narrator and her husband not living together anymore, which raises the question did their marriage got ruined because of the death of a child? This is followed by the recollection of the narrator and her father saving turkeys from drowning, and finally, the family plays Who am I?, and Cynthia is someone dead. This massive amount of hints indicate a very consciously used foreshadowing technique by the author. To sum up, I have showed in the above paragraphs how the narrative technique of Miles City, Monatana, is in accord with what the Canitz-Seamon article argued about Alice Munros techniques to create the sense of realism in fiction. I have added that language and creating imagery are also techniques used in this short story, while at the same time pointing out that the excessive use of foreshadowing technique does not fit into the line of argument about Munros realism and conscious restraint from linear story-telling. A look at other Munro short fiction could lead to a better understanding of Munros status as a realist writer.

Introduction to Phonetics

INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS Communication is possible only with use of language. A language can be used in two ways for the purpose of communication . The two purpose of communication is spoken and written. Speech is more important medium than the medium of writing. USES OF SPEECH: *Speech comes first in history. *Speech comes first in the history of any individual. *Speech is used much more than writing as a medium, *Written language is an attempt to represent the sands used in spoken language. * Modern technology has given more importance to speech.Linguistics is a systematic study of language. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics and it is the branch dealing with the medium of speech . It deals with the production, transmission and reception of sounds of human speech. THE AIR STREAM MECHANISM: Speech needs air stream. The air stream that flows out of our mouth is modified into speech sounds by the action of creation organs of our body these are commonly known as â€Å"ORGANS OF SPE ECH†. For the articulation of most speech sounds lung air is used.The respirative system consisting of lungs, muscles of chest and wind pipe (trachea). since the air steam mechanism involves (inspiration) breathing in and breathing out (expiration). It is the expiratory lung-air that becomes the basis for the articulation of most of the speech sounds. The air stream involving in lung-air is called Pulmanic Air-stream. There are three main air streams mechanisms 1. Pulmanic 2. Glottalic 3. Velaric The Pulmanic air stream mechanism is initiate by the walls of the lungs. The air is drawn into

Notes on arrays

To signify absence of information oid fo // function fo does not return a value void *pv; // pointer to object of unknown type enumeration (enum): To represent specific set of values. Named integer constants can be defined as members of an enumeration. enum keyword {ASM, AUTO, BREAK}; keyword key; 2 Derived Data Types Address Types References Pointers Powerful, but difficult to master Simulate pass-by-reference Close relationship with arrays and strings Aggregate Types Arrays and strings Structures and Unions 3Reference is another name (alias) for a variable It is a pointer but a constant one – once declared it cannot be made alias of another variable A reference declaration must have initialization and it can be initialized toa variable, not a literal constant. A variable can have several references (aliases) – all references hold the same address Reference is not a separate variable like a pointer – it does not occupy space in memory 4 ? References All operatio ns supposedly performed on he alias (i. . , the reference) are actually performed on the original variable Example int count = int &cRef = count; Increments count through alias cRef 5 ? References (example) // Reference Types: Example // References must be initialized. #include using std::cout; using std::endl; 7 8 9 int main() intx=3; Creating a reference as an alias to another variable in the function.

Plants essays

Plants essays Fertilizer has played an important role in the health and growth of plants since the beginning of time. Fertilizer has helped farmers and million of people across the world to grow healthy plants that they could sell to the public. It does not have to be sold in bags to be considered fertilizer. Even a banana peal is fertilizer because it promotes the growth and helps improve the health of the plant. For plants to have a successful life they need to be supplied with various types and amounts of nutrients which is sufficiently provided by fertilizers (Secrets to great soil, 1998). There are two types on nutrients that are absorbed and used by plants(Improving the soil, 1996). Those two are macronutrients and micronutrients(Improving the soil, 1996). Micronutrients are the types of nutrients that are used less by plants because they are not as essential for good health(Improving the soil, 1996). They help the plant grow healthy, but the plant can live without them. Some types of micronutrients include calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, and manganese (Easy Compost,1997). Plants use macronutrients more frequently than micronutrients (Espoma, 2002). They are necessary and much more essential for the growth of plants than micronutrients (Espoma, 2002).. Macronutrients unlike micronutrients are extremely important for the plants life(Improving the soil, 1996). Without them a plant would most certainly die (Espoma, 2002). . These nutrients are in high demand. They are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium(Improving the soil, 1996). Phosphorus is one of the most vital nutrients that a plant needs(Secrets to great soil, 1998). It has a great amount of important role that it fulfills that helps maintain the plants health. One essential role that phosphorus plays in the development of plants is the improvement of its immune system(Secrets to great soil, 1998).. Just like humans, plants can also get ill. That is just one of the many...

Free Essays on The Titanic Disaster

THE TITANIC DISASTER The Titanic Disaster was one of the worst maritime disasters in history. The British Titanic was built in Belfast, Ireland, by Harland and Wolff shipyard. It was the largest moving man-made object ever created, weighing 46,000 gross tons and measuring 882 feet long. The Titanic left on its maiden voyage on April 10, 1912 from Southampton to New York City. It disastrously struck an iceberg about 153 kilometers south of the Grand Banks, just before midnight on April 14, 1912. The Titanic was owned by millionaire J. P. Morgan, Jr. He was to be aboard the Titanic for her maiden voyage, but due to poor health cancelled his trip at the last minute. Edward J. Smith was granted the honor of being the first Captain of the Titanic and he was one of 1,523 who perished in the disaster. People had been skeptical about the Titanic. There were even rumors about this extremely large ship. One of the rumors stated that it was unsinkable. Nevertheless, this rumor was without a doubt wrong. Proof being that once it collided with an iceberg, which scrapped the right side leaving an opening of 300 feet, it sank in less than three hours. Investigations have found that the ship had been traveling too fast in the dangerous waters, and that there were only twenty lifeboats onboard. This was only enough to carry half of the passengers and crew. Unfortunately, the majority of the passengers found themselves left to the mercy of the icy, cold waters. Another big factor was that the crew didn’t pay enough attention to the ice warnings about which they were notified several times before the tragic incident. It was 2:20 a.m. on April 15 by the time the vessel had been fully immersed into the water. Of the 2,228 passengers and crew it was carrying, 1,523 died, and only 705 were rescued. The Titanic was divided into sixteen watertight compartments by means of watertight bulkheads, which contained electric doo... Free Essays on The Titanic Disaster Free Essays on The Titanic Disaster THE TITANIC DISASTER The Titanic Disaster was one of the worst maritime disasters in history. The British Titanic was built in Belfast, Ireland, by Harland and Wolff shipyard. It was the largest moving man-made object ever created, weighing 46,000 gross tons and measuring 882 feet long. The Titanic left on its maiden voyage on April 10, 1912 from Southampton to New York City. It disastrously struck an iceberg about 153 kilometers south of the Grand Banks, just before midnight on April 14, 1912. The Titanic was owned by millionaire J. P. Morgan, Jr. He was to be aboard the Titanic for her maiden voyage, but due to poor health cancelled his trip at the last minute. Edward J. Smith was granted the honor of being the first Captain of the Titanic and he was one of 1,523 who perished in the disaster. People had been skeptical about the Titanic. There were even rumors about this extremely large ship. One of the rumors stated that it was unsinkable. Nevertheless, this rumor was without a doubt wrong. Proof being that once it collided with an iceberg, which scrapped the right side leaving an opening of 300 feet, it sank in less than three hours. Investigations have found that the ship had been traveling too fast in the dangerous waters, and that there were only twenty lifeboats onboard. This was only enough to carry half of the passengers and crew. Unfortunately, the majority of the passengers found themselves left to the mercy of the icy, cold waters. Another big factor was that the crew didn’t pay enough attention to the ice warnings about which they were notified several times before the tragic incident. It was 2:20 a.m. on April 15 by the time the vessel had been fully immersed into the water. Of the 2,228 passengers and crew it was carrying, 1,523 died, and only 705 were rescued. The Titanic was divided into sixteen watertight compartments by means of watertight bulkheads, which contained electric doo...

An argumentive research paper of how the use of cellphones negatively

An argumentive of how the use of cellphones negatively affect teenagers - Research Paper Example They cover wide geographic range, making their use easier, and definitely more convenient for us. They rule a large part of the world trade market. The competition between cell phone companies like Nokia, Apple and Samsung has already reached epic proportions. There is a constant struggle to achieve the position of the top seller in the world market. While Nokia reigned as king in the beginning of the cell phone era, it has lost its initial significance with all the new and efficient competition. With the increase in the rate of globalization in the last three decades, it only makes sense that the use of cellular phones has reached a phenomenal rate in these thirty years. Cell phones, while initially used only for telephoning purposes, now have a wide range of features incorporated. They have everything from camera, games, and music to GPS, email, internet, etc. However, with all these beneficial and advantageous factors in the world, cellular phones have proved to be more of a hazar d than a blessing, harming the teenagers and society more than can be accounted for. The purpose of this paper is to prove that cell phones have been more hazardous than beneficial. NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES: For a device so small, cell phones are proving to be very dangerous. One of the major problems caused by cell phones is that it endangers the lives of people. Conversation on cell phones while driving is being banned in most countries because of the number of accidents it causes. These conversations cause what Strayer and Drews term as Inattention Blindness in the driver. Their research proved that, â€Å"Cell-phone conversations impair driving by inducing a form of inattention blindness in which drivers fail to see objects in their driving environment when they are talking on a cell phone† (Strayer 128-131). Many people find it hard to multitask. The problem here is however, quite different. It is not about being unable or finding it hard to multi task but to drive a motor vehicle efficiently while conversing on the phone. These two elements are imperative. Strayer and Drews specifically researched with these two elements as their focal points. When a person is carrying a verbal discussion or simply conversing with members in the car, they found that the inanimate objects on the road do not fly out of the driver’s focus. Compared to this, on cell-phone conversations prove a strong distraction, causing the driver to be blind (mostly) to objects on the road. The drivers, in fact, failed to recall the objects they had encountered on the road when driving whilst talking on the phone. Cell phone conversations not only distract us, but they do so to the extent where our memory fails to retain data where it would have, had there been no cell phone in the equation. It is due to this reason that road accidents caused by people talking on cell phones are reaching a higher number day by day, endangering innocent lives. Cellular phones, while convenient fo r adults, carry a different sort of attraction for teenagers, music being one of the more popular features amongst them. The use of earphones when listening to music or when on the phone is especially detrimental for teenagers. â€Å"Earphones or headsets can diminish environmental perception because they cover (part of) the ears. Good environmental localization of environmental sounds is based on a calculation of distance...wavelength between the two

Global warming is bad Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global warming is bad - Research Paper Example Gradual evolution of the idea stirred an emotional debate between opponents and proponents of global warming that ultimately seems to end on rigid stance from both sides. To answer the question weather global warming is good or bad, we must analyse if it is there. The idea has been controversial and increasingly considered to be a myth. Its proponents consider it to be the crucial turn in this century and spending fortunes on investigating and finding solutions while its opponents attribute it to be more political than scientific. The paper analyses both sides and concludes that global warming is bad in either case. The concept of global warming didn’t pop up in a day,with very solid scientifc base,it formulated in a gradual but uncertain way.Lindzen aptly states, â€Å"Warming is a subject riddled by uncertainty† (424).Indeed, the idea has been subjected to intense debates during mid and late 80s without getting to a unanimous conclusion. Different reports by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1996, 2001) suggested scientific frameworks in order to prevent adverse impact of climate change that brought Kyoto protocol for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels. The impact of global warming as projected by media is focused on increase in mean temperature of earth and its consequences, for instance, extreme weather conditions or increasing frequency of such events. In reality, global warming and climate change is much more complex (Khandekar, Murty and Chittibabu 1557).According to newspaper account of U.S. government study in 1988 suggested certain threats that include: Some ecological systems, particularly forests...may be unable to adapt quickly enough to a rapid increase in temperature...most of the notion’s coastal marshes and swamps would be inundated by salt water...an earlier snowmelt and runoff could disrupt water management systems...Disease borne by

Business economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business economy - Essay Example This will bring them to the Sainsbury store, aside from the fact that Sainsbury is the only supermarket with all sorts of food and other available product in that area. On the other side there is Oxford Street which has a huge amount of employees and costumer. Again for the same reason people would prefer to shop in Sainsbury store. Two major determinants of demand are at work in this situation: population and absence of related services. First, we expect Sainsbury to have higher demand since the population in the area is large (Fao Corporate). Given that it is the meeting place of two major streets, the location can be conveniently reached by many consumers. Second, the absence of related services provides no rivals for the services given by Sainsbury (Mankiw). This also increases the demand for this particular store. However, the problem with the service is the absence of self-serve cashiers. Given a higher demand for the service, this would mean that people will always have to queue when paying. Queues in this particular store are usually long and given that people have to use their nectar cards, it would take long before they can finish their transactions. This is a lack of service thereby reducing customer convenience. Certainly, inconvenience is one that can possibly drive the demand down. Employees 2. Upon observation, I realized that employees are not skilled enough or properly coordinated. Apparently, the planning and design of the employees' tasks were not properly done, so that when the store gets so busy, the employees fail to help each other, thus the problem of long queues cannot be addressed. Employees were not trained enough to do the tasks of others in case some experience a problem. This makes the operation paralyzed whenever the number of customers increases beyond usual. Size 3. The size of the store is very much important in delivering the service. Given that there is a large population of buyers in this particular store, it is necessary to also expand the floor area. This is a problem with Sainsbury since the area of the store remains small, compared to the number of possible customers. This problem has many possible bad effects. First, a small store area against the number of customers will bring inconvenience to the shoppers. Instead of enjoying their shopping experience, customers might feel it a burden. Second, this prevents the store from maximizing the existing demand for the product. Third, this will be a problem if a competitor builds a bigger store in the future. Sainsbury might find them divested of customers. Part Two In today's retail market, evermore discerning customers are requiring a wider range of goods and services. Increasing competition is putting profit margins under pressure and businesses across the industry must learn to manage objectives and resources professionally, efficiently and effectively. There are many factors and circumstances affecting the industry and as a result retail executives must consider fundamental solutions to their businesses in order to secure success in the market place. In order to achieve this, a large retailer such as Sainsbury's Supermarkets Limited (SSL) must improve customer service and meet customer demands continuously taking into account

Between White and Roberts Essay Example for Free

Between White and Roberts Essay Between the descriptive essay Once More to the Lake by E.B. White, and the narrative essay How to Say Nothing in 500 Words by P.M. Roberts I find the descriptive essay to be far more interesting to read for the way it is written appeals to the senses of the reader. Both essays, however, carry good merit and are written very well. The essay that is currently being presented is an interpretation of the similarities and differences between the styles of these two essays, and the impact they have on the reader as well. Among the major differences between the two essays is the way they are structured. In the essay â€Å"How to Say Nothing in 500 Words† Roberts uses nine different headings relating to the key elements of what he is writing about. He breaks down each component of what he considers to be good practices of writing with each section consisting of its own idea. He uses this method to present multiple ideas pertaining to the same general subject of the essay. Using headings to separate ideas and points is a good way to present information clearly, but it also gives a paper an impersonal and formal feeling that most casual or average readers do not relate to. In â€Å"Once More to the Lake†, however, White does not separate ideas into different headings. The story he tells in his essay progresses forward without being broken up into multiple ideas, and the general subject does not change throughout the essay in any major way. The entire essay reads like it is its own chapter of a book. It provides the reader with a fluent story from start to finish. Another large difference between these two essays is in the tone and language that the authors use. Roberts uses a mostly formal tone and language throughout most of his essay. There are a few places in which he uses mild humor to keep the readers’ interest, but his dry tone mixed with the subject his essay is centered on limits the effectiveness of his attempts. One such attempt at humor is where he speaks of a college  professor grading essays in the sentence, â€Å"As he reads paper after paper all saying the same thing in almost the same words, all bloodless, five hundred words dripping out of nothing, he wonders how he allowed himself to get trapped into teaching English when he might have had a happy and interesting life as an electrician or a confidence man.† (P.M. Roberts) He has a very dry sense of humor that leaves the reader wondering why he even makes the attempt at humor in many cases. White uses an informal tone in his essay, and uses language that appeals to the readers’ senses. He makes no attempts at humor in his essay like Roberts does, but he instead paints pictures of scenery with words in exuberant detail. The depth and detail with which he writes stirs the readers’ emotions and memories in the way he tells of his own memories. He takes the mind of the reader on a journey with him as he recounts memories of his childhood. The tone he uses is one that is somber and serious, but also quite casual. â€Å"Summertime, oh summertime, pattern of life indelible, the fade proof lake, the woods unshatterable, the pasture with the sweet fern and the juniper forever and ever, summer without end; this was the background, and the life along the shore was the design, the cottages with their innocent and tranquil design, their tiny docks with the flagpole and the American flag floating against the white clouds in the blue sky, the little paths over the roots of the trees leading from camp to camp and the paths leading back to the outhouses and the can of lime for sprinkling, and at the souvenir counters at the store the miniature birch-bark canoes and the post cards that showed things looking a little better than they looked.† (E.B. White) It is with the use of this kind of language that White fills the writing canvas, as well as the reader’s thoughts, with the detailed images of the surroundings of the lake. The subject matter between the essays by Roberts and White is yet another drastic difference. â€Å"How to Say Nothing in 500 Words† is an informative narrative essay about what to, and what not to do in the writing of a college essay. It is a strictly academic essay. It covers a number of points of what kind of language and ideas to use in a college level paper. The section of his essay that he names â€Å"Call a Fool a Fool† can easily be summarized as him trying to get across that one should say what they think of a matter regardless of what they think the instructor grading the paper or anyone else that might read it would think of what you have to say. He  basically states that if it is your opinion, then state it without worrying that it may offend anyone that may not share the same view. The subject matter of Roberts’ essay is a topic that only a college student would truly care to read about. The subject matter of the essay by White, however, is nearly as far in the other direction as you can get from Roberts’ essay about writing an essay about college football. White’s essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake† is about his visit with his son back to the same lake that his own father took him to every summer with his family while he was growing up. He describes in detail the changes that have occurred in the many years since he had been back to the lake, and the times he had with his family in his youth as well as the time he is spending there now with his own son. â€Å"Inside, all was just as it had always been, except there was more Coca Cola and not so much Moxie and root beer and birch beer and sarsaparilla. We would walk out with a bottle of pop apiece and sometimes the pop would backfire up our noses and hurt. We explored the streams, quietly, where the turtles slid off the sunny logs and dug their way into the soft bottom; and we lay on the town wharf and fed worms to the tame bass. Everywhere we went I had trouble making out which was I, the one walking at my side, the one walking in my pants.† (White E.B.) The way he describes and speaks of his surroundings and the small adventures that he and his son embark upon makes it evident that he truly cares about the story he has written, and that the entire compositio n is a nostalgic journey through his past and present. The feelings that he clearly has while writing his essay is something that nearly any reader can relate to. Now that the major contrasting points between the two essays have been presented we should move on to the similarities, but there are next to no similarities at all. The most prominent similarity between them is simply the fact that both compositions are considered essays. They are written in completely different styles on completely different subjects, and with a completely different reading audience in mind. It can be said, however, that both essays are properly written for their intended audience, and one could also argue that the essays are similar in regards to the fact that both essays give the reader something to think about after having read the compositions, but that would be reaching very far to find some form of similarity simply for the sake of being able to say that they are similar in some fashion. It is easy to say  that the two essays contrast in major ways, but it is not so easy to say that they compare in any significant way. The essays â€Å"How to Say Nothing in 500 Words† by P.M. Roberts, and â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by E.B. White are both well written, but the descriptive essay by White is the superior of the two for his use of easily understood descriptive language and the seamless flow of his ideas and thoughts on the paper making for an easy and enjoyable read. His essay is also written about a subject that nearly any reader can relate to in some way while the essay by Roberts is aimed more at a particular demographic. Roberts also uses a â€Å"matter of fact† kind of tone that if he had not introduced a dash of humor here and there throughout his essay would have made it too technical to keep the average reader interested enough to read the whole composition while the essay by White draws the reader in and leaves them wanting more. The essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by E.B. White is a timeless piece of literature that the writer of this essay strongly recommends to any reader. References Roberts, P. M. (n.d.). How to say nothing in 500 words. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Gw_UcMT4u-ZSW7ZBN_RAMspZFex6o83oIbnvtuV-CM8/edit?pli=1 White, E.B. Once more to the lake. Retrieved from http://www.freewebs.com/lanzbom/EBWhiteLakeEssay.pdf

Economic Disparity and Policies Lead to Prison Essay --

Introduction According to Marc Mauer, (1998) the prisoners detained in US jails close to half of the prison inmates are African-Americans, as compared to others (Marc Mauer, 1998). It is fared that if current policies and the state of economic disparity remain in place, it is likely that the number of this unfortunate community / minorities will increase over the next few years and the economic disorder will keep increasing the economic and racial disparities and the state of imprisonment will grow even further. The situation as is being anticipated, despite the drop in crime in recent years, may easily be said to be largely fueled by the element of poverty and the harsher sentencing policies that have resulted in more recurrent and frequent prison terms for African Americans. Marc Mauer, (1998) has opined in his article under reference that if African Americans continue to be met with the same kind treatment they are likely to continue to be drug offenders and continue to represent a substantial proportion of the prison population. The policies based on racial discrimination have been another grey area and the gap in our policies, will further affect minorities who have already been disproportionately affected by economic disparities and weak drug enforcement practices and policies. Effects of Economic Disparity and Policies on African Americans African Americans in US society have unequal access to basic necessities and other resources; due to poor economic conditions. Moreover they are being excluded from access to basic resources, and are being subjected to the degrading treatment, which causes lot of hatred and discontentment in them. The logical question that rises in every body’s mind is about the future of this communit... ...for a poor man to get due justice. The only alternate then left with him is to go for some extra ordinary act that could fetch him some money or otherwise guaranteed piece of bread in prison. References Atiq Rahman, (1998) Environment and the poor Focused action, greater attention needed The Independent (Internet Edition) retrieved from http://www.independent-bangladesh.com/news/jan/30/30012003pd.htm Internet Article, (2003) Economic Justice in America retrieved from http://www.ppjr.org/econjust/ News Release, (1997) Study of African American children in Texas shows some improvements, but many children still at risk Released October 1, 1997 A project of the Center for Public Policy Priorities 900 Lydia Street Austin, Texas Marc Mauer, (1998) Racial Disparities Hartford, Connecticut The Sentencing Project Presented to Council of State Governments June 12, 1998

In view of what we know of Beatrice and Benedick from Act I and Act II, Scene I, how realistic is Don Pedro’s aim to bring them together?

Beatrice and Benedick are the two major characters in ‘Much Ado About Nothing' that provide comic relief. Their ‘merry wars' of words and phrases as described by Leonato, are frequently throughout the play examples of Shakespeare's magnificent ability to bring about amusement in his plays. In Act I and Act II scene I, Beatrice and Benedick are reunited after Benedick and the other soldiers return from war. Beatrice almost instantly jumps into a frenzy of lyrically punishing Benedick, who after a war of men begins a war of words. From the beginning of the play even before Beatrice and Benedick begin their battle of wit, it is evident to the audience that she has some kind of strong feelings for him, whether they are feelings of hate or of lust or of something in between or that they. Thought their insults are biting, their ability to maintain such clever, interconnected sparring seems to illustrate the existence of a strong bond between them. This is shown when the messenger arrives to bring the news that the war is won and the heroes are soon to return. The conversation focuses on Count Claudio and his bravery, ‘the figure of a lamb, the feats of a lion,' however Beatrice almost instantly changes the subject by asking the messenger if ‘Signior Mountanto returned from the wars or no?' Although this is an insult, it is evident that Beatrice could not wait to find out how Benedick was. The audience are instantly given the impression that she disguises her feelings for him. She continues talking about Benedick with the messenger and Leonato, who states that ‘There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick and her; they never meet, but there's a skirmish of wit between them'. Beatrice argues back that ‘in our last conflict, four of his five wits went halting off†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.He hath every month a new sworn brother†¦.he wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat,' meaning that he has no true friends and he changes his faith as often as he changes his hat. To add to this, the other soldiers who return from battle, who bear prominence in the play are Don Pedro and Claudio. Claudio is instantly paired up with Hero, although this does not officially happen until the party later that night, on stage and in films they stare at each other as if love struck. The same goes to Beatrice and Benedick at the reunion, except they do not stare at each other as if love struck but moreover as if they cannot wait to resume their ‘merry war'. This feeling becomes quite obvious when Beatrice speaks almost instantly after Benedick enters the conversation, it is as if he cannot be part of something without her being part of it as well, even if she is bullying him. Shortly after everyone leaves the stage apart from Benedick and Claudio. Claudio expresses how Hero has caught his eye and Benedick dismisses her as ‘too short'. From this conversation we learn that Benedick thinks he will never fall in love and does not believe in marriage. ‘I will do myself the right to trust none; and the fine is, for the which I may go the finer, I will live a bachelor', in turn this casts a shadow of doubt over any forecasts that members of the audience could have made about Beatrice and Benedick being paired up. However, from the beginning it is obvious that Benedick is an entertaining character and unlike his counterparts Don Pedro and Claudio, what he says is not taken especially seriously. Furthermore, at the beginning of Act II Scene I Beatrice also reveals herself as anti-marriage, ‘Just if he send me no husband; for which I am upon my knees every morning and evening.' She adds to this statement by stating that she imagines married people go to hell and single people do not, however in addition to this she says, ‘he shows me where the bachelors sit, and there live we as merry as the day is long,' this suggests that she hopes to have some kind of fun with bachelors in the future which brings us back to Benedick's belief that he will always remain a bachelor. From the end of Act I and the beginning of Act II Scene I we have learnt that both Beatrice and Benedick possess anti-marriage views, but given that they are both histrionic and insecure characters, nothing can be taken for granted. It is noticeable that Beatrice talks about Benedick a lot and often in conversations about subjects that bear no relation to him, she finds a way of interpreting the conversation to make him the fundament – usually criticising him of course. For example at the very beginning of Act II when Leonato and Antonio are having a conversation about Don John's absence at supper, she compares him with Benedick abruptly. This furthers the readers/ members of audience beliefs that she has an interest in Ben. Beatrice and Benedick are perhaps Shakespeare's most famously witty characters, neither ever lets the other say something without countering it with a pun or criticism. One notable characteristic of their attacks upon each other is their ability to extend a metaphor throughout lines of dialogue. When Benedick calls Beatrice a ‘rare parrot-teacher,' Beatrice responds, ‘a bird of my tongue is better than a beast of yours'. Benedick continues the reference to animals in his response saying, ‘I would my horse had the speed of your tongue'. It is as if each anticipates the other's response. It is suggested in Act I Scene I that Beatrice and Benedick have previously been lovers, but Benedick led Beatrice on, perhaps this is where her viciousness towards him stems from. This is suggested in this quotation: ‘Benedick set up his bills here in Messina and challenged Cupid at the flight, and my uncles fool, reading the challenge, subscribed for Cupid,' she describes a battle of love between herself and Benedick which she has lost. At the masked ball later that night Beatrice dances with Benedick, the audience is unsure whether she simply does not recognise him due to his mask, or pretends not to recognise him. Nonetheless, she cleverly insults him, leaving him a nervous wreck as he cannot reveal himself to be Benedick. ‘Why, he is the prince's jester: a very dull fool; only his gift is in devising slanders†¦..and the commendation is not in his wit, but in his villainy.' She is mocking him and saying that his jokes are boring and nobody finds them amusing. I believe that Don Pedro's aim to bring together Beatrice and Benedick is reasonably realistic. There are many times in Act I and Act II Scene I that the thought of the two of them marrying seems almost impossible. For example when Benedick swears he will ‘live a bachelor', and when Beatrice is on her knees every morning and evening thanking God that she does not have a husband. However, Beatrice and Benedick are both very melodramatic and provide most of the comedy in the play, this gives the reader the view that what they swear cannot be taken as seriously as for example Claudio. From the beginning of the play, it is obvious that there is a strong bond between them. It appears that the ‘skirmish of wit' between them is a cover up for what is a strong bond underneath all the exchanging of criticisms. In act I, Beatrice shows that she thinks about Benedick a lot, by asking the messenger if he has returned from war and by talking almost every time he says something. This also shows in the first scene of Act II when she brings him into the conversation at the masked ball out of the blue. In the end, Don Pedro's plan was a success.

Begging in India Essay

Begging in India is a fashion, a compulsion, a profession, a privilege and a recreation. The number of beggars in India is much larger than in other countries. Our heads hang down in shame when we read description of this institution given by foreigners in a hateful manner. To the Westerners, India is a land of the mendicants and snake-charmers. Beggars are found in villages and towns, on roads, crossings and footpaths. But their favorite haunts are bathing Ghats, temples, religious or festival fairs, railway stations, trains and bus-stands. It is a big nuisance to be confronted by street beggars at all odd places. Like the God Almighty they seem to be omnipresent. You are waiting for a bus at the bus-stand or walking down a road with your friend, they appear from nowhere and start an endless volley of entreaties and blessings. They follow you close at your heels and keep pestering you till you give them some coins out of a sense of sheer disgust and helplessness. There are various types of beggars in India. The religious; beggars cluster round pilgrim centres and attract public attention by their wonderful feats. There are crippled and disabled beggars who remain lying on road-sides or at railway or river bridges arousing sympathy of the passers-by, making all kinds of pitiful gesture! ; There are beggars who are quite stout and able-bodied. Begging for them is not a necessity but a profession. They are idlers and rascals who are unwilling to earn their bread by hard work. They often operate in gangs and their leaders hold a bank balance that would be credit to an important business magnate. They are disguised as physically disabled or handicapped. They use as tools young women with new born babies or young children. Whenever they find an opportunity, they commit thefts and crimes, including kidnapping of children. At some places we come across modernized beggars dressed in suits. Such beggars lead a luxurious life in places of retirement. There are travelling beggars who are particularly seen in trains. The collect alms for orphanages, cow-shelters and widow-shelters, which exist only in their minds. Foreigners are their most privileged victims. Begging in India has developed into an art and a full-fledged profession. The practice of begging is the result of the poverty of the country and the deep-seated religious sentiments and superstitions of our country men. Unemployment, illiteracy, ignorance and ever-increasing population are other causes of begging. It cannot be denied that the distribution of wealth is not fair and the gulf between the rich and the poor is very wide. The rich and the well to-do accept extreme poverty and begging as a necessary feature of society. Religion seems to teach them that charity is the surest passport to heaven. Beggars, in themselves are problems and they create other social problems by kidnapping women and children; Sometimes, we begin to doubt the integrity of spiritually and morally high persons and ill treat them because pink clothes have become the common dress of beggars in India. Charity, in our country, enjoys religious sanctity. But it is conveniently forgotten that misplaced charity is good neither for the one who shows it nor for one to whom it is shown. It encourages idleness and in activity. It produces parasites and wastes a sizeable amount of human power. Laws should be legislated for abolishing begging and offenders should be severely dealt with. The government should be establish work-houses where able-bodied beggars should be kept and compelled to work. The people, in general, should be made conscious of the fact that beggars are the ‘greatest enemies of the country and there should be country wide agitations against beggars. The crippled and disabled beggars should be maintained by the State, The disabled and diseased beggars and orphaned children and destitute women deserve particular attention from the State. There should be asylums and training centres for such people. Here they should first be treated for their ailments and then trained in different kinds of handicrafts and cottage industries. The success of some of the schools for the blind, the deaf and the dumb shows the true solution of the problem. In place of individual charity, funds and donation should be raised on a large and organized scale for the relief of these unfortunate people. Indeed, beggary if so intricately women into our way of life that, no matter how corrupt and scheming it gets, it shall continue to claim attention. If not from the educated, from the illiterate and the superstitious. Tragedy stares at us round every corner. Begging is one of the worst social evils that denegrade India in the eyes of the world. The earlier it is eradicated, the better it would be in the interest of our nation.

History and Origins of Thanksgiving Day

History and Origins of Thanksgiving Day Almost every culture in the world has celebrations of thanks for a plentiful harvest. The legend of the American Thanksgiving holiday is said to have been based on a feast of thanksgiving in the early days of the American colonies almost four hundred years ago. The tale as it is told in grade schools is a legend, a mythologized version that downplays some of the bleaker history of how Thanksgiving became an American national holiday. The Legend of the First Thanksgiving In 1620, the legend goes, a boat filled with more than one hundred people sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the New World. This religious group had begun to question the beliefs of the Church of England and they wanted to separate from it. The Pilgrims settled in what is now the state of Massachusetts. Their first winter in the New World was difficult. They had arrived too late to grow many crops, and without fresh food, half the colony died from disease. The following spring, the Wampanoag Iroquois Indians taught them how to grow corn (maize), a new food for the colonists. They showed them other crops to grow in the unfamiliar soil and how to hunt and fish. In the autumn of 1621, bountiful crops of corn, barley, beans, and pumpkins were harvested. The colonists had much to be thankful for, so a feast was planned. They invited the local Iroquois chief and 90 members of his tribe. The Native Americans brought deer to roast with the turkeys and other wild game offered by the colonists. The colonists learned how to cook cranberries and different kinds of corn and squash dishes from the Indians. In following years, many of the original colonists celebrated the autumn harvest with a feast of thanks. A Harsher Reality However, in fact, the Pilgrims werent the first immigrants to celebrate a day of thanksgiving- that probably belongs to the Popham colony of Maine, who celebrated the day of their arrival in 1607. And the Pilgrims didnt celebrate every year afterward. They did celebrate the arrival of supplies and friends from Europe in 1630; and in 1637 and 1676, the Pilgrims celebrated the defeats of the Wampanoag neighbors. The celebration in 1676 was memorable because, at the end of the feast, the rangers sent to defeat the Wampanoag brought back the head of their leader Metacom, who was known by his adopted English name King Philip, on a pike, where it was kept on display in the colony for 20 years. The holiday continued as a tradition in New England, however, celebrated not with a feast and family, but rather with rowdy drunken men who went door to door begging for treats. Thats how many of the original American holidays were celebrated: Christmas, New Years Eve and Day, Washingtons birthday, the 4th of July. Historians believe that there are two connections between the festival held in Plymouth colony and what we celebrate today. Those are a collective and cleaned-up national memory, which arose in the 18th century after the Revolutionary War established a new nation; and in the mid-19th century when that nation came perilously close to breaking, an editor provided a weary Abraham Lincoln an idea to attempt to unify that nation. A New Nations Celebration By the mid-18th century, the rowdy behavior had become a carnivalesque misrule that was closer to what we think of as Halloween or Mardi Gras today. An established mummers parade made up of cross-dressing men, known as the Fantasticals, began by the 1780s: it was considered a more acceptable behavior than the drunken rowdiness. It could be said that these two institutions are still part of Thanksgiving Day celebrations: rowdy men (Thanksgiving Day football games, established in 1876), and elaborate mummer parades (Macys Parade, established in 1924). After the United States became an independent country, Congress recommended one yearly day of thanksgiving for the whole nation to celebrate. In 1789, George Washington suggested the date November 26 as Thanksgiving Day. Later presidents were not so supportive: for example, Thomas Jefferson thought that for the government to proclaim a quasi-religious holiday was a violation of the separation of church and state. Before Lincoln, only two other presidents proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day: John Adams and James Madison. Inventing Thanksgiving In 1846, Sarah Josepha Hale, the editor of Godeys magazine, published the first of many editorials encouraging the celebration of the Great American Festival. She hoped it would be a unifying holiday that would help avert a civil war. In 1863, in the middle of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln asked all Americans to set aside the last Thursday in November as a day of thanksgiving. In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved... The year that is drawing towards its close has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies... No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Highest God... It has seemed to me fit and proper that these gifts should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and voice by the whole American people; I do, therefore, invite my fellow-citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea, and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a Day of Thanksgiving and a Prayer to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens.  (Abraham Lincoln, October 3,1863) Symbols of Thanksgiving The Thanksgiving Day of Hale and Lincoln was a domestic event, a day of family homecoming, a mythical and nostalgic idea of the hospitality, civility and happiness of the American family. The purpose of the festival was no longer a communal celebration, but rather a domestic event, carving out a sense of national identity and welcoming home family members. Homey domestic symbols traditionally served at Thanksgiving festivals include: Turkey, corn (or maize), pumpkins and cranberry sauce are symbols which represent the first Thanksgiving. These symbols are frequently seen on holiday decorations and greeting cards.The use of corn meant the survival of the colonies. Indian corn as a table or door decoration represents the harvest and the fall season.Sweet-sour cranberry sauce, or cranberry jelly, was on  the first Thanksgiving  table and is still served today. The cranberry is a small, sour berry. It grows in bogs, or muddy areas, in Massachusetts and other New England states.The Native Americans used the fruit to treat infections. They used the juice to dye their rugs and blankets. They taught the colonists how to cook the berries with sweetener and water to make a sauce. The Indians called it ibimi which means bitter berry. When the colonists saw it, they named it crane-berry because the  flowers  of the berry bent the stalk over, and it resembled the long-necked bird called a crane.The berries are still g rown in New England. Very few people know, however, that before the berries are put in bags to be sent to the rest of the country, each individual berry must bounce at least four inches high to make sure they are not too ripe! Native Americans and Thanksgiving In 1988, a Thanksgiving ceremony of a different kind took place at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. More than four thousand people gathered on Thanksgiving night. Among them were Native Americans representing tribes from all over the country and descendants of people whose ancestors had migrated to the New World. The ceremony was a public acknowledgment of the Indians role in the first Thanksgiving 350 years ago. Until recently most schoolchildren believed that the Pilgrims cooked the entire Thanksgiving feast, and offered it to the Indians. In fact, the feast was planned to thank the Indians for teaching them how to cook those foods. Without the Indians, the first settlers would not have survived: and, furthermore, the Pilgrims and the rest of European America have done their level best to eradicate what were our neighbors. We celebrate Thanksgiving along with the rest of America, maybe in different ways and for different reasons. Despite everything thats happened to us since we fed the Pilgrims, we still have our language, our culture, our distinct social system. Even in a nuclear age, we still have a tribal people.  -Wilma Mankiller, Principal chief of the Cherokee nation. Updated by Kris Bales Sources Adamczyk, Amy. On Thanksgiving and Collective Memory: Constructing the American Tradition. Journal of Historical Sociology 15.3 (2002): 343–65. Print.Lincoln, Abraham. A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America. Harper’s Weekly October 17 1863. History Now, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.Pleck, Elizabeth. The Making of the Domestic Occasion: The History of Thanksgiving in the United States. Journal of Social History 32.4 (1999): 773–89. Print.Siskind, Janet. The Invention of Thanksgiving: A Ritual of American Nationality. Critique of Anthropology 12.2 (1992): 167–91. Print.Smith, Andrew F. The First Thanksgiving. Gastronomica 3.4 (2003): 79–85. Print.