Impact of Normans Conquest on Ireland

Impact of Normans Conquest on IrelandDaragh Mc Mullan Use archaeological, historical and literary evidence to assess the bear on of the Norman victory on Irelands semipolitical, social, economic and cultural systems.https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_IrelandIntroduction The Norman conquest of Ireland commenced in 1169, the immediate aftermath saw Ireland down the stairs a rotation of control by Anglo Norman lords and the King of England with challenge from the Irish. Up to this point, Ireland had seen recurrent conflict between provincial kingdoms who strived for High King status and the arrival of the Normans would throw what structure the Irish had into disarray. The invaders had a long history with conquering foreign lands but this time there were numerous distractions and troublesome conquests elsewhere to deal with. These distractions would almost result in a loss of control in Ireland and defeat to the native Irish.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/i re1100.htm, n.d.)Political ImpactIn the mid-12th and early 13th century there was major political change for the Irish. The King of England made Ireland a Lordship of his own empire and because of this the Irish went from securing title by defeat of local rivals to battling for possession of their own land from foreigners. The brass of the Parliament of Ireland in 1297 allowed the Anglo-Norman Lords to exercise control and implement their politics. At this time the island was politically divided into several overkingdoms, the main focal point was the Abbey. The Irish ratified system known as the Brehon Law continued outside the controlled area but prisons were established as per Henry IIs reforms. Overall the Norman political impact was substantial but it lacked structure and more importantly continuity, and the troublesome times during the early and mid-14th century resulted in a loss of control and Ireland was far from under complete control of the British for over the two centu ries that followed.Social Cultural ImpactThe social and cultural landscape of Ireland experienced changes, some events were devastating videlicet the famine and the Black Death. Some events, while chaotic, had good intention. The invasion by Robert the Bruce brought fierce battle against the English lords, there was extensive destruction and eventually the Scot was thwarted but during the clash Irish families regained control of lands lost to them in previous combat. During the settlement period the Normans living outside Dublin and the area known as The Pale embraced the Irish language and their customs, they married into the clans, and coincidentally the native Irish also became like the Normans in many ways. Even today we still shake evidence of this in the provinces of Munster and Leinster with many Norman origin surnames, Power, Roche and Burke.Towns were perhaps the Normans greatest contribution to their new conquest. The increase in population saw the nobles invest in the construction of walled towns, numerous castles and churches changed Ireland and a system of counties commenced in 1297. The Church made a move to centre the congregation diocese.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1300.htm, n.d.)Economic ImpactThe Norman invasion brought a lot of changes to the economic situation in Ireland. The economy was mainly based on cows, sheep, pigs, goats and the products they produced. Cattle was the main asset as it provided milk, butter, cheese and meat. A herd of any type was considered a wealth and had the added benefit that it could be moved to safety in times of war. The Normans began to import tenants to occupy and prune their newly acquired lands, horticulture was practiced prior to the Norman settlement, the main crops being oats, wheat and barley, but this increased during this time. This would boost the agricultural trade and was one of the many changes brought by the Norman invasion and occupation of Ireland. They introduced feuda lism to the existing native tribal-dynastic crop-sharing system. Feudalism was intended to introduce cash payments into farming. Money was rarely used in gallant Gaelic society, as payment was normally made in goods or service.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1400.htm, n.d.)ConclusionThe transition from a nation to being part of the Tudor conquest was a turbulent road for the Irish. In the end the continuous rebellion was not enough to free them from the grasp of the expanding British Crowned forces. They co-existed to a certain(p) extent with the placed nobles and later with the Hiberno Normans but the Monarchy expected a respect from the Gaelic Irish that just would not be given. The decline of the Monastic Abbeys and wherefore the pressure on Christianity by newly founded rival churches and the implication of surrender and regrant where the Irish had to abandon their land, culture and religion in exchange for an English earldom meant that the commonplace native I rish people stood little chance at retaining their identity against the Tudor expansion.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1500.htm, n.d.)Barry, T. (1987). The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland. London Routledge.Ellis, S. G. (1998). Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1447-1603. London Longman.http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1100.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1200.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1300.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1400.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1500.htm. (n.d.).https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)cite_note-2. (n.d.).

photovoltaic cells :: essays research papers

Photovoltaic cells be solid state devices that convert light directly into electricity. Photovoltaic literally means light electricity. These devices potful be commonly found providing power for small scale devices such as calculators, watches, and small radios. However, they are not limited to small scale systems. They are also used to power satellites, communications equipment, houses and many other things, especially in remote locations where a power grid is not readily available. In isolated locations the only power attainable comes from the sun. The sun shines approximately 1000 watts of energy per square meter of the planets surface, which if harnessed could power any city. The commercial ontogeny of the photovoltaic cell took more then a hundred years to begin. A french physicist Edmond Becquerel first described the photovoltaic effect in 1839. At the age of 19 Becquerel found that certain materials when exposed to light produced small measurable currents. Henrich Hertz al so studied the effect in solids in the 1870s and he managed to produce photoelectric cells with an efficiency of about 1%. In the 1940s the new Czochralski process made generating highly pure crystalline silicon possible and moreover made commercializing photovoltaic cells an option. Development really started however, in 1954 when Bell Laboratories used the Czochralski process to produce a 4% efficient crystalline silicon cell, which was basically for application in space. This was the beginning of photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells generally consist of five layers. Two of these layers are semiconductors and the remaining three are merely for safeguard and to aid absorption of light. The top layer is generally a glass cover for protection against the elements since photovoltaic cells are used outside. Underneath this is an anti-reflective coating. Since most photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and silicon is reflective this prevents the photons from merely being bounced of f the cell and allows the highest amount of absorption possible. These two layers are secured with a cobwebby adhesive. Transparent, obviously, so the photons can pass through it. Surrounding the entire cell is a metallic grid on top and a metal butt on bottom. The two layers of semiconductor are the most important. Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conduction intermediate between the high conductivity of metals and the low conductivity of insulators. Conductivity is decided by how many free electrons are available to carry charge, and in turn how tightly electrons are bound to the parent atom.

The Importance of Inclusive Education in Australia Essay -- Special Ed

As a child It was constantly stated to me by my family and teachers If everyone was the same, what a boring place the world would be a famous quote by an unknown author about celebrating individual differences. Difference is defined by Ashman and Elkins as varying levels of social, emotional, physical and intellectual qualities that make us all different from other people (Ashman & Elkins, 2009). In todays world this is viewed as societys version of normality (Ashman & Elkins, 2009). Inclusion involves the incorporation of all types of differences into a mainstream classroom (Ashman & Elkins, 2009). It is unfortunate that even in the 21st century that the policies and legislations colligate to inclusive education are different between all the different states and territories of Australia as well as between the public and private school systems. These latest differences in policies in legislation between the states and different school structures in my opinion dont encourage the stu dents with diverse needs. As a area Australian authorities do promote and encourage inclusion into their mainstream classrooms (Campbell, Gilmore & Cuskelly, 2003). But this promotion cannot and does not ensure that this as a policy will be accepted by all individual classroom teachers (Campbell, Gilmore & Cuskelly, 2003). As a whole teachers with bad attitudes towards inclusion impact their own views onto their pupils and onto their students general level of educational outcome (Campbell, Gilmore & Cuskelly, 2003). As time moves forward more and more schools are becoming involved with the idea of inclusive education (Ashman & Elkins, 2009). One of the negatives or variations as seen by a school with inclusion is that if the child has high... ...ther diverse the new generations will become. Works CitedAshman, A & Elkins, J. (2009). Education for Inclusion and Diversity (3rd ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson Education Australia.Campbell, J., Gilmore, L., & Cuskelly, M. (2003). ever-changing student teachers attitudes towards disability and inclusion. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 28, 369-379. Carpenter, L. (2010, March 4). Developing an Inclusive Curriculum 4030EPS. Lecture presented for the Griffith Education Lectures in Inclusive Curriculum, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD.Lachlan, F., & Boyle, C. (2007). Labels and excess Education Is the use of labels in special education helpful?. Support for Learning, 22, 36-42.Queensland Government. (2005). Inclusive Education Statement (Reference Information paper ). Queensland Government Department of Education.

stage :: essays research papers

IntroductionJai ralis mon stage commercial chez Pernod Ricard Venezuela. Jai choisi cette entreprise afin de dcouvrir avec le fonctionnement dun usefulness commercial, et davoir une premire exprience professionnelle dans mon pays dorigine.Au sein de PRV on ma confi une thrill dinvestigation afin doptimiser les ngociations du dpartement commercial. Jai d analyser limpact de publications et des exhibitions ngocies par lquipe de vente. De plus jai d raliser une proposition merchandising spill out une chane de supermarch qui est en train de restructurer sa dmarche auprs des clients.Ainsi dans ce rapport, je vous prsenterai en premire partie lentreprise, son historique, ses employs, le service commercial et son march. En deuxime partie je dfinirai en dtail les activits menes pour raliser la mission qui me fut confie et pour atteindre mes objectifs personnels.I     Lentreprise et son marchI.1     Prsentation de lentrepriseRaison Sociale PERNOD RI CARD VENEZUELAForme Juridique Compagnie AnonymeCapital Social 17 000 000 Nom du Directeur M. Elvis IPPOLITTIAdresse Avenida Rio de JaneiroEdif. Centro Rio de Janeiro, PHLas Mercedes, Municipio BarutaCaracas 1060 - VENEZUELATlphone (58-212) 200 72 00Fax (58-212) 200 72 99Date de cration 2002Secteur dactivit vente et distribution de vins et spiritueuxChiffre daffaires 45 075 000 .Effectif cx personnesI.2.A     HistoriqueFortement implante sur tous les continents, Pernod Ricard est lun des trois premiers oprateurs de spiritueux et vins dans le monde. Depuis sa cration en 1975, une forte croissance interne et des acquisitions ambitieuses ont permis au Groupe de dvelopper lun des portefeuilles de produits les mieux dots du secteur.Le Groupe dispose de rseaux de distribution puissants sur tous les continents et aujourdhui, plus des quatre cinquimes du chiffre daffaires sont raliss hors France 40 % en Europe, 22 % dans les Amriques et 22 % dans le reste du m onde. Dans la catgorie des spiritueux internationaux, Pernod Ricard est numro 1 en Europe Continentale et en Irlande, numro 1 en Amrique Centrale et du Sud et numro 2 en Asie-Pacifique. Il se situe au sixime rang en Amrique du Nord. Le Groupe est par ailleurs numro deux du secteur "Travel Retail" Quelques Dates Importantes1975     France Cration de Pernod Ricard par la fusion des deux socits daniss Pernod et Ricard. Le group inclus aussi JFA Pamprylcosse Acquisition de Campbell Distillers (Scotch whiskies)1982     Monde Acquisition de SIAS MPA, producteur numro un au niveau de concentrs de fruits. Pour la premire fois, les activits du groupe sont gres depuis la France.

The Character of Marco in A View from the Bridge Essay -- View from th

The Character of Marco in A View from the Bridge   after reading Arthur Millers play A cerebration from the bridge, I am convinced that the most striking character is Marco. He is an Italian immigrant that moved sinfully to the joined States with his brother Rodolpho to work as longshoremen, since at the time (the play was written in 1955) his country of origin, Italy, was going through a major economic depressive disorder because of the outcome of World War II. In the play, we are told that Marcos plan is to make enough currency to survive and be able to send some of that money to his wife and his three kids back in Italy, who are starving. Marco physically resembles the Sicilian stereotype, with dark skin and dark hair. He is also very strong and he could easily load the whole ship by himself.(pg.541) In this play, the author uses plot, dialog, actions and symbolism to emphasize Marcos celebrate which, in my opinion, is his prominent characteristic.     &nbs p       Throughout the play, we can intelligibly see that the plot helps us develop Marcos character in our imagination.  For example, he is an illegal alien, and this might give the reader a less honorable view of him, and it might justify Eddies action.  But the fact that Marco left his family to give them support and to save his oldest son who is sick in the chest, (pg. 535) makes the reader forget about his illegal stay and makes his status rise to the one of a hero.              In this play, Marcos actions lead us to the discovery of a violent side which he uses to defend his honor in a number of occasions. For example, when he challenges Eddie to lift... ...e for mocking Rodolpho. But only in the second act his character is fully exposed and we see his grasp transform into a round character. In this play, Marco is portrayed as the victim, since he hasnt done anything to Eddie but he still gets arrested. In addition, although his brother Rodolpho gets away with it by marrying Catherine, he has no other choice but to go back to his hungry wife and sick children in Italy. This thoughts, and knowing that Eddie has no regrets for what he has done makes him furious, and at the end of the play he seeks revenge.             I belive this play would not be complete without this character. If Marco would have not existed, it would have left Eddie undisciplined and alive, and this would be in conflict with the very conception of drama which drives this works.    

Frankenstein as a Modern Cyborg? Essays -- Frankenstein essays

Frankenstein as a Modern Cyborg? The creature (demon) created by Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus occupies a space that is neither quite masculine nor quite feminine, although he is clearly both created as a male and desires to be in the masculine role. Judith Halberstam describes this in-between-ness as being one of the primary characteristics of the Gothic monster--being in a space thats not easily sort or categorized, and therefore being rendered unintelligible and monstrous. Donna J. Haraway posits that the post-modern science fiction cyborg occupies a similar in-between space, or, perhaps, a non-space. Similarly, Cathy Griggs argues that the post-modern sapphic is linked to this notion of the cyborg. The lesbian is rendered monstrous in social discourse by her desire to ascend into the phallic privilege, connecting this in-between-ness as both a monstrous trait and a cybernetic one. Further, the transgender man (female-to-male) occ upies a similar discursive space and provides us with a post-modern link to Frankensteins creature, as both are surgically constructed men, a construction that, in the eyes of society, renders them monstrous (particularly for trans-men who cant pass). Frankensteins creature embodies gender transgression on two levels, both of which are the fuel for Victors horror the first being the creatures status as being a surgically constructed male, the second being Victors own gender transgression in co-opting the feminine trait of reproduction, transforming his laboratory into a virtual womb. addicted the scientific origin of the creature, as well as both its and Victors unstable gender, is it possible that the modern Gothic monster pre-fi... ...th. Gender Trouble Feminism and the corruption of Identity. New York Routledge, 1990. Griggers, Cathy. Lesbian Bodies in the Age of (Post)mechanical Reproduction. Fear of a Queer Planet. Ed. Michael Warner. Minneapolis U of Minnesota P, 1993. 178 -192. Halberstam, Judith. Skin Shows Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Second ed. shorthorn Duke UP, 1995. Haraway, Donna J. The Promises of Monsters A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others. Cultural Studies. Eds. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson and Paula A. Treichler. New York Routledge, 1992. 295-337. Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women The Reinvention of Nature. New York Routledge, 1991. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. 1983 ed. New York The Penguin Group, 1963. Zizek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London Verso, 1989.

Essay --

In recent years, light olefins ar used as building blocks for a large variety of chemicals and petrochemicals products that ar produced from crude oil. Light olefins are in a class of hydrocarbons with a single double bond and a chemical formula of CnH2n. Ethylene and propylene are the most important olefins which form the backbone of the petrochemicals market. However, ethylene and propylene have no end use. The highly reactive double bond of the ethylene and propylene makes the molecule ideal for conversion to many useful product such as polymers (eg. polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride), synthetic rubber and fuel components. Currently, most olefins are produced via thermal cracking of naphtha or other light fractions of petroleum with steam, which is often referred to as steam cracking. During the process, the hydrocarbon feedstock which usually of fossil origin, is cracked into smaller molecules. The process is advanced olefin technologies in terms of energy e fficiency. The resulting product mix from the cracking process which varies depending on the process c...